Intake of nutrients associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in a Spanish population

References

• Akesson B, Johansson BM, Suensson M & Ockersman A (1981): Content of trans-octadecenoic acid in vegetarian and normal diets in Sweden, analysed by duplicate portion technique. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34, 2517–2520.
   Google Scholar
• A´ lvarez-Pin˜ eiro ME, Lage-Yusty MA, Carril Gonza´lez- Barros S & Lo´ pez-Leyto´ n TJ (1996): Valoracio´ n de la ingesta de nutrientes de los alumnos del centro superior de Hosteler´ıa de Galicia en las semanas previas a los exa´menes finales. Alimentaria 270, 47–49.
   Google Scholar
• American Heart Association (1986): Dietary Guidelines for Health American Adults: a statement for physicians and health professionals by the Nutrition Committee, Amer- ican Hearth Association. Circulation 74, 1465A-1468A. Andersen LF, Solvoll K & Drevon CA (1996): Very-long- chain n-3 fatty acids as biomarkers for intake of fish and n-3 fatty acids concentrates. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 64, 305–311.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous (1994): Nutritional aspects of cardiovascular disease. Report of the cardiovascular Review Group Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. In Report on Health and Social Subjects, p. 132. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, UK Department of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous (1998): Consensus Workshop on Dietary Assess- ment: Nutrition Monitoring and Tracking the Year 2000 Objectives. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Aranceta, J (1995): Objetivos nutricionales y gu´ıas diete´ticas. Propuesta de la SENC para la poblacio´ n espan˜ ola. In Documento de Consenso. Gu´ıas Alimentarias para la Poblacio´n Espan˜ola, ed. Serra-Majem L, Aranceta-Bar- trina J & Mataix-Verdu´ J, pp. 127–162. Barcelona: SG editores-Sociedad Espan˜ ola de Nutricio´ n Comunitaria.
   Google Scholar
• Ballew C, White LL, Strauss KF, Benson LJ, Mendlein JM & Mokdad AH (1997): Intake of nutrients and food sources of nutrients among the Navajo: findings from the Navajo Health and Nutrition Survey. J. Nutr. 127, 2085S- 2093S.
   Google Scholar
• Becker W, Lennerna¨s M, Gustafsson I-B, Haraldsdo´ ttir J, Nydahl M, Vessby B & Ytterfors A (1998): Precoded food records compared with weighed food records for measur- ing dietary habits in a population of Swedish adults. Scand. J. Nutr. 42, 145–149.
   Google Scholar
• Bell RA, Shaw HA & Dignan MB (1995): Dietary intake of Lumbee Indian women in Robeson County, North Carolina. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 95, 1426–1428.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boatella J, Rafecas M & Codoney R (1993): Isomeric trans fatty acids in the Spanish diet and their relationships with changes in fat intake pattern. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 47(Suppl. 1), S62–S65.
   Google Scholar
• Bolton-Smith C, Woodward M, Fenton S, McCluskey M-K & Brown CA (1995): Trans fatty acids in the Scottish diet. Br. J. Nutr. 74, 661–670.
   Google Scholar
• Clandinin MT, Foxwell A, Goh YK, Layne K & Jumpsen JA (1997): Omega-3 fatty acid intake results in a relation- ship between the fatty acid composition of LDL choles- terol ester and LDL cholesterol content in humans. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1346, 247–252.
   Google Scholar
• De Deckere EAM, Korver O, Verschuren PM & Katan MB (1998): Health aspects of fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant and marine origin. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 749–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la Montan˜ a J & Lo´ pez L (1996): Estudio de los ha´bitos diete´ticos de la poblacio´ n universitaria del Campus de Orense. Alimentaria 278, 71–75.
   Google Scholar
• De Roos NM, Schouten EG & Katan MB (2001): Con- sumption of a solid fat rich in lauric acid results in a more favorable serum lipid profile in healthy men and women than consumption of a solid fat rich in trans-fatty acids. J. Nutr. 131, 242–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deharveng G, Charrondie`re UR, Slimani N, Southgate DAT & Riboli E (1999): Comparison of nutrients in the food composition tables available in the nine European countries participating in EPIC. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 60–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietschy JM (1998): Dietary fatty acids and the regulation of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentra- tions. J. Nutr. 128, 444S–448S.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon LB & Ernst ND (2001): Choose a diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol and moderate in total fat: subtle changes to a familiar message. J. Nutr. 131, 510S–526S.
   Google Scholar
• Drewnowski A & Hann C (1999): Food preferences and reported frequencies of food consumption as predictors of current diet in young women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70, 28–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmsta°hl S, Holmqvist O, Gullberg B, Johansson U & Berglund G (1999): Dietary patterns in high and low consumers of meat in a Swedish cohort study. Appetite 32, 191–206.
   Google Scholar
• Ening MG, Budowskie P & Blondheim SH (1984): Trans unsaturated fatty acids in margarines and human sub- cutaneous fat in Israel. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 38C, 223–230.
   Google Scholar
• Ening MG, Atal S, Keeney M & Sampugna J (1990): Isomeric trans fatty acids in the United States diet. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 9, 471–486.
   Google Scholar
• Ferro-Luzzi A & James WPT (2001): European diet and public health: the continuing challenge. In Eurodiet Project Steering Committee. The Eurodiet Project. Nutri- tion and Diet for Healthy Lifestyles in Europe: Science and Policy implications, ed Kafatos A. Pub. Health Nutr. 4, 2(A) and 2(B).
   Google Scholar
• Ferro-Luzzi A, Cialfa E, Leclercq C & Toti E (1994): The Mediterranean diet revisited. Focus on fruit and vegeta- bles. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 45, 291–300.
   Google Scholar
• Feunekes GIJ, Van Staveren WA, De Vries JHM, Burema J & Hautvast JGAJ (1993): Relative and biomarker-based validity of a food-frequency questionnaire estimating intake of fats and cholesterol. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58, 489–496.
   Google Scholar
• Feunekes IJ, Van Staveren WA, Graveland F, De Vos J & Burema J (1995): Reproducibility of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess the intake of fats and cholesterol in The Netherlands. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 46, 117–123. Food and Nutrition Board (1989): Report of the Committee on Dietary Allowances, 10th edn. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garc´ıa-Segovia P, Mart´ınez-Monzo´ J & Chiralt A (2001): Evaluacio´ n del aporte de nutrientes en la dieta de los estudiantes de la Universidad Polite´cnica de Valencia. Alimentaria Octubre, 19–22.
   Google Scholar
• Garrow JL & Webster J (1985): Quetelec’s index (W/H2) as a measure of fatness. Int. J. Obes. 9, 147–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgiou CC, Betts NM, Hoerr SL, Keim K, Peters PK, Stewart B & Voichick J (1997): Among young adults, college students and graduates practised more healthful habits and made more healthful food choices than did nonstudents. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 97, 754–759.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber MJ, Scali JD, Michaud A, Durand MD, Astre CM, Dallongeville J & Romon MM (2000): Profiles of a healthful diet and its relationship to biomarkers in a population sample from Mediterranean southern France. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100, 1164–1171.
   Google Scholar
• Goldbourt U (1987): High risk versus public health strategies in primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 45, 1185–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonza´lez-Castro MJ, Turnes-Carou MI, Lo´ pez-Mah´ıa P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodr´ıguez D & Ferna´ndez- Ferna´ndez E (2001): Valoracio´ n de la ingesta de nu- trientes de un colectivo de estudiantes deportistas de la Universidad de la Corun˜ a. Alimentaria Junio, 51–56.
   Google Scholar
• Granado F, Olmedilla B, Blanco I, Gil-Mart´ınez E & Rojas- Hidalgo E (1997): Variability in the intercomparison of food carotenoid content data: a user’s point of view. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 37, 621–633.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory J, Lowe S, Bates CJ, Prentice A, Jackson LV, Smithers G, Wenlock R & Farron M (2000): National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4 to 18 years. Volume 1: Report of the Diet and Nutrition Survey. London: TSO.
   Google Scholar
• Heinonen M & Piironen V (1991): The tocopherol, toco- trienol, and vitamin E content of the average Finnish diet. Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 61, 27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinonen M, Lampi A-M, Hyvo¨ nen L & Homer D (1992): The fatty acid and cholesterol content on the average Finnish diet. J. Food Comp. Anal. 5, 198–208.
   Google Scholar
• Hertzler AA, Webb R & Frary RB (1995): Over consump- tion of fat by college students: the fast food connection. Ecol. Food Nutr. 34, 49–57.
   Google Scholar
• Huang Y-L, Hoerr SL & Song WO (1997): Breakfast is the lowest fat meal for young adult women. JNE 29, 184–188.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter JE & Applewhite TH (1986): Isomeric fatty acids in the United States diet * levels and health perspectives. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 44, 707–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter JE & Applewhite TH (1991): Reassessment of trans fatty acids availability in the United States diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 303–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson L, Drevon ChA & Bjørneboe GEAa (1996): The Norwegian diet during the last hundred years in relation to coronary heart disease. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50, 277–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson L, Solvoll K, Bjørneboe GEAa & Devron ChA (1997): Dietary habits among Norwegian men and women. Scand. J. Nutr. 41, 63–70.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson LRK, Solvoll K, Bjørneboe GEAa & Drevon ChA (1998): Intake of very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids related to social status and lifestyle. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 716–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson L, Thelle DS, Solvoll K, Bjørneboe GEAa & Drevon ChA (1999): Healthy dietary habits in relation to social determinants and lifestyle factors. Br. J. Nutr. 81, 211–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafatos A, Verhagen H, Moschandreas J, Apostolaki I & van Westerop JJM (2000): Mediterranean diet of Crete: foods and nutrient content. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100, 1487–1493.
   Google Scholar
• Lage-Yusty MA, Lo´ pez-Herna´ndez J, Gonza´lez-Castro MJ & A´ lvarez-Pin˜ eiro ME (1999): Estudio del estado nutri- cional de una poblacio´ n universitaria de Santiago de Compostela. Alimentaria Enero-Febrero, 19–22.
   Google Scholar
• Larque´ E, Zamora S & Gil A (2000): Dietary trans fatty acids affect the essential fatty-acid concentration of rat milk. J. Nutr. 2000, 847–851.
   Google Scholar
• Lennerna¨s M & Andersson I (1999): Food-based classifica- tion of eating episodes (FBCE). Appetite 32, 53–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennerna¨s MA-C, A° kerstedt T, Hagman U, Bruce A° & Hambraeus L (1993): A new approach for evaluation of meal quality and meal patterns. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 6, 261–273.
   Google Scholar
• Lingfors H, Lindstro¨ m K, Persson L-G, Bengtsson C, Lissner L, Ellega°rd L & Andersson H (1994): Evaluation of a pedagogic dietary questionnaire aimed for health surveys. Scand. J. Nutr. 38, 106–111.
   Google Scholar
• Liu S, Buring JE, Sesso HD, Rimm EB, Willet WC & Manson JE (2002): A prospective study of dietary fiber intake and risk of cardiovascular disease among women. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39, 49–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo¨ı C, Chardigny J-M, Almanza S, Leclerc S, Ginies Ch & Se´be´dio L (2000): Incorporation and metabolism of dietary trans isomers of linoleic acid alter the fatty acid profile of rat tissues. J. Nutr. 130, 2550–2555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food) (1994): The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults: Further Analysis. London: HM Stationery Office. MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food) (1997): MAFF UK * Dietary Intake of Iodine and Fatty Acids. London: HM Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• Mahfouz MM & Kummerow FA (1999): Hydrogenated fat high in trans monoenes with an adequate level of linoleic acid has no effect on prostaglandin synthesis in rats. J. Nutr. 129, 15–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAPA (Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacio´n) (1999): La alimentacio´n en Espan˜a. Madrid: MAPA.
   Google Scholar
• Mart´ınez A (2001): Recomendaciones diete´ticas y salud. In Alimentacio´n y Salud Pu´blica, eds J Mar´ınez, I Artiasara´n & H Madrigal, 2nd edn, pp. 97–101. Madrid: McGraw- Hill Interamericana.
   Google Scholar
• Mart´ınez-Monzo´ J, Garc´ıa-Segovia P & Chiralt A (2001): Estudio antropome´trico del estado nutricional de los alumnos de la Universidad Polite´cnica de Valencia. Alimentaria Octubre, 23–29.
   Google Scholar
• Moreiras O, Carbajal A, Cabreira L & Cuadrado C (2001): Tablas de Composicio´n de Alimentos. Madrid: Pira´mide. Nair SSD, Leitch JW, Falconer J & Garg ML (1997):^ Prevention of cardiac arrhythmia by dietary (n-3) poly- unsaturated fatty acids and their mechanism of action. J. Nutr. 127, 383–393.
   Google Scholar
• Nair SDS, Leitch J, Falconer J & Garg ML (1999): Cardiac (n-3) non-esterified fatty acids are selectively increased in fish oil-fed pigs following myocardial ischemia. J. Nutr. 129, 1518–1523.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council (1989): Diet and Health: Im- plications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Washing- ton, DC: National Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Navia-Lomba´n B & Ortega-Anta RM (2000): Ingestas recomendadas de energ´ıa y nutrientes. In Manual de Nutricio´n Cl´ınica en Atencio´n Primaria, eds AM Requejo & RM Ortega, pp. 1–14. Madrid: Editorial Complutense.
   Google Scholar
• Nes M, Klepp K-I & Borgejordet A° (1993): Dietary intake in a group of 13-year-old school children in Bergen, Norway. Scand. J. Nutr. 37, 156–160.
   Google Scholar
• Osler M, Heitmann BL, Gerdes LU, Jørgensen LM & Schroll M (2001): Dietary patterns and mortality in Danish men and women: a prospective observational study. Br. J. Nutr. 85, 219–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packman J & Kirk SFL (2000): The relationship between nutritional knowledge, attitudes and dietary fat consump- tion in male students. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 13, 389–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perea-Sa´nchez JM, Navarro-Cruz AR & Lozano-Estevan MC (2000): Tablas de peso de raciones esta´ndar de alimentos. In Nutrigu´ıa: Manual de Nutricio´n Cl´ınica en Atencio´n Primaria, eds AM Requejo & RM Ortega, pp. 469–477. Madrid: Editorial Complutense.
   Google Scholar
• Price GM, Paul AA, Key FB, Harter AC, Cole TJ, Day KC & Wadsworth MEJ (1995): Measurement of diet in a large national survey: comparison of computerized and manual coding of records in household measures. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 8, 417–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen LB, Ovesen L, Bu¨ low I, Knudsen N, Laurberg P & Perrild (2000): Folate intake, lifestyle factors, and homocysteine concentrations in younger and older wo- men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72, 1156–1163.
   Google Scholar
• Retzlaff BM, Dowdy AA, Walden CE, Bovbjerg VE & Knopp RH (1996): The Northwest lipid research clinic fat intake scale: validation and utility. Am. J. Public Health 87, 181–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer E, Schafer RB, Keith PM & Bo¨ se J (1999): Self- esteem and fruit vegetable intake in women and men. J. Nutr. Educ. 31, 153–160.
   Google Scholar
• Sichert-Hellert W, Kersting M & Scho¨ ch G (1998): Under- reporting of energy intake in 1 to 18 year old German children and adolescents. Z. Erna¨hrungswiss 37, 242–251. Simopoulos AP (1991): Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 438–463.
   Google Scholar
• Simopoulos AM, Leaf A & Salem N (1999): Workshop on the essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Food Aust. 51, 332–333.
   Google Scholar
• Southon S (2000): Increased fruit and vegetable consump- tion within the EU: potential health benefits. Food Res. Int. 33, 211–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson FE & Byers T (1994): Dietary assessment resource manual. J. Nutr. 124, 2245S–2318S.
   Google Scholar
• Van de Vijver LPL, Kardinaal AMF, Charzewska J, Rotily M, Charles P, Maggiolini M, Ando S, Va¨a¨na¨nen K, Wajszczyk B, Heikkinen J, Deloraine A & Schaafsma G (1999): Calcium intake is weakly but consistently nega- tively associated with iron status in girls and women in six European countries. J. Nutr. 129, 963–968.
   Google Scholar
• Wlodzimierz S (1997): Recent developments in the dietary pattern and health status in Poland. BNF Nutr. Bull. 22, 123–126.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (1985a): Expert Consultation Report. Energy and protein requirements. Technical Report Series 724. Ginebra: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (1985b): La sante´ en l’anne` 2000 et al nutrition. Programme du Bureau Regional de l’Europe de l’OMS relatif a` la Nutrition, 1985–1990. Copenhague: World Health Organization-EURO.
   Google Scholar