631
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Comprehensive reviews

Is fatty acid composition of breast milk different in various populations? A systematic review and meta-analysis

, &
Pages 909-920 | Received 11 Jan 2020, Accepted 21 Mar 2020, Published online: 07 Apr 2020

References

  • Agostoni C. 2008. Role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the first year of life. J Pediatr Gastr Nutr. 47:S41–S44.
  • Allen JC, Keller RP, Archer P, Neville MC. 1991. Studies in human lactation: milk composition and daily secretion rates of macronutrients in the first year of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 54:69–80.
  • Al-Othman AA, EL-Fawaz HA, Hewdy FM, Abdullah NM. 1996. Fatty acid composition of mature breast milk of Saudi lactating mothers. Food Chem. 57(2):211–215.
  • Al-Tamer Y, Mahmood A. 2006. The influence of Iraqi mothers’ socioeconomic status on their milk-lipid content. Eur J Clin Nutr. 60:1400.
  • Ameur A, Enroth S, Johansson Å, Zaboli G, Igl W, Johansson AC, Rivas MA, Daly MJ, Schmitz G, Hicks AA. 2012. Genetic adaptation of fatty-acid metabolism: a human-specific haplotype increasing the biosynthesis of long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Am J Hum Genet. 90:809–820.
  • And RR, Skåra B. 1992. Essential fatty acids in human colostrum. Acta Paediatr. 81:779–783.
  • Antonakou A, Skenderi KP, Chiou A, Anastasiou CA, Bakoula C, Matalas A-L. 2013. Breast milk fat concentration and fatty acid pattern during the first six months in exclusively breastfeeding Greek women. Eur J Nutr. 52:963–973.
  • Barbosa L, Butte NF, Villalpando S, Wong WW, Smith E. 1997. Maternal energy balance and lactation performance of Mesoamerindians as a function of body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr. 66:575–583.
  • Barreiro R, Díaz-Bao M, Cepeda A, Regal P, Fente C. 2018. Fatty acid composition of breast milk in Galicia (NW Spain): a cross-country comparison. Prostag Leukotr Ess. 135:102–114.
  • Begg CB. 1985. A measure to aid in the interpretation of published clinical trials. Stat Med. 4:1–9.
  • Boatella J, Rafecas M, Codony R, Gibert A, Rivero M, Tormo R, Infante D, Sánchez-Valverde F. 1993. Trans fatty acid content of human milk in Spain. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 16:432–434.
  • Boediman D, Ismail D, Iman S, Ismangoen Ismadi SD. 1979. Composition of breast milk beyond one year. J Trop Pediatr Environ Child Health. 25:107–110.
  • Boersma ER, Offringa PJ, Muskiet FA, Chase WM, Simmons IJ. 1991. Vitamin E, lipid fractions, and fatty acid composition of colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk: an international comparative study. Am J Clin Nutr. 53:1197–1204.
  • Boris J, Jensen B, Salvig JD, Secher NJ, Olsen SF. 2004. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fish oil supplementation in late pregnancy and early lactation on the n-3 fatty acid content in human breast milk. Lipids. 39:1191–1196.
  • Borschel MW, Elkin RG, Kirksey A, Story JA, Galal O, Harrison GG, Jerome NW. 1986. Fatty acid composition of mature human milk of Egyptian and American women. Am J Clin Nutr. 44:330–335.
  • Bravi F, Wiens F, Decarli A, Dal Pont A, Agostoni C, Ferraroni M. 2016. Impact of maternal nutrition on breast-milk composition: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 104:646–662.
  • Butte NF, Garza C, Stuff JE, Smith E, Nichols B. 1984. Effect of maternal diet and body composition on lactational performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 39:296–306.
  • Butts C, Hedderley D, Herath T, Paturi G, Glyn-Jones S, Wiens F, Stahl B, Gopal P. 2018. Human milk composition and dietary intakes of breastfeeding women of different ethnicity from the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand. Nutrients. 10(9):1231.
  • Carlson SE, Rhodes PG, Rao VS, Goldgar DE. 1987. Effect of fish oil supplementation on the n-3 fatty acid content of red blood cell membranes in preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 21:507.
  • Chen Z, Kwan K, Tong K, Ratnayake W, Li H, Leung S. 1997. Breast milk fatty acid composition: a comparative study between Hong Kong and Chongqing Chinese. Lipids. 32:1061–1067.
  • Chen Z-Y, Pelletier G, Hollywood R, Ratnayake W. 1995. Trans fatty acid isomers in Canadian human milk. Lipids. 30:15–21.
  • Chulei R, Xiaofang L, Hongsheng M, Xiulan M, Guizheng L, Gianhong D, Defrancesco CA, Connor WE. 1995. Milk composition in women from five different regions of China: the great diversity of milk fatty acids. J Nutr. 125:2993–2998.
  • Clark RM, Ferris AM, Fey M, Brown PB, Hundrieser KE, Jensen RG. 1982. Changes in the lipids of human milk from 2 to 16 weeks postpartum. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1:311–315.
  • DA Cunha J, DA Costa THM, Ito MK. 2005. Influences of maternal dietary intake and suckling on breast milk lipid and fatty acid composition in low-income women from Brasilia, Brazil. Early Hum Dev. 81:303–311.
  • De La Presa-Owens S, Lopez-Sabater M, Rivero-Urgell M. 1996. Fatty acid composition of human milk in Spain. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 22:180–185.
  • Del Prado M, Villalpando S, Elizondo A, Rodríguez M, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B. 2001. Contribution of dietary and newly formed arachidonic acid to human milk lipids in women eating a low-fat diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 74:242–247.
  • Demmelmair H, Baumheuer M, Koletzko B, Dokoupil K, Kratl G. 1998. Metabolism of U13C-labeled linoleic acid in lactating women. J Lipid Res. 39:1389–1396.
  • Dlouhý P, Tvrzická E, Stanková B, Buchtíková M, Pokorný R, Wiererová O, Bílková D, Rambousková J, Andel M. 2002. Trans fatty acids in subcutaneous fat of pregnant women and in human milk in the Czech Republic. Ann NY Acad Sci. 967:544–547.
  • Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. 1997. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Br Med J. 315:629–634.
  • Fidler N, Salobir K, Stibilj V. 2001. Fatty acid composition of human colostrum in Slovenian women living in urban and rural areas. Neonatology. 79(1):15–20.
  • Field CJ. 2005. The immunological components of human milk and their effect on immune development in infants. J Nutr. 135:1–4.
  • Fujita M, Roth E, Lo YJ, Hurst C, Vollner J, Kendell A. 2012. In poor families, mothers’ milk is richer for daughters than sons: a test of Trivers–Willard hypothesis in agropastoral settlements in Northern Kenya. Am J Phys Anthropol. 149:52–59.
  • Gao C, Liu G, Whitfield KC, Kroeun H, Green TJ, Gibson RA, Makrides M, Zhou SJ. 2018. Comparison of human milk fatty acid composition of women from Cambodia and Australia. J Hum Lact. 34:585–591.
  • Gibson RA, Kneebone GM. 1981. Fatty acid composition of human colostrum and mature breast milk. Am J Clin Nutr. 34:252–257.
  • Giuffrida F, Cruz-Hernandez C, Bertschy E, Fontannaz P, Masserey Elmelegy I, Tavazzi I, Marmet C, Sanchez-Bridge B, Thakkar S, De Castro C, et al. 2016. Temporal changes of human breast milk lipids of Chinese mothers. Nutrients. 8(11):715.
  • Glaser C, Lattka E, Rzehak P, Steer C, Koletzko B. 2011. Genetic variation in polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and its potential relevance for human development and health. Matern Child Nutr. 7:27–40.
  • Golfetto I, Mcgready R, Ghebremeskel K, Min Y, Dubowitz L, Nosten F, Drury P, Simpson J, Arunjerdja R, Crawford M. 2007. Fatty acid composition of milk of refugee Karen and urban Korean mothers. Is the level of DHA in breast milk of Western women compromised by high intake of saturated fat and linoleic acid? Nutr Health. 18:319–332.
  • Gómez-Cortés P, De La Fuente MA. 2017. Classification of human milks based on their trans 18: 1 fatty acid profile and effect of maternal diet. Breastfeeding Med. 12:238–243.
  • Grote V, Verduci E, Scaglioni S, Vecchi F, Contarini G, Giovannini M, Koletzko B, Agostoni C. 2016. Breast milk composition and infant nutrient intakes during the first 12 months of life. Eur J Clin Nutr. 70:250.
  • Hayat L, Al-Sughayer M, Afzal M. 1999. Fatty acid composition of human milk in Kuwaiti mothers. Comp Biochem Physiol Part B: Biochem Mol Biol. 124(3):261–267.
  • Higgins J, Thompson S, Altman DG. 2003. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Br Med J (Clin Res ed.). 327(7414):557–560.
  • Hinde K, German JB. 2012. Food in an evolutionary context: insights from mother’s milk. J Sci Food Agric. 92:2219–2223.
  • Innis SM. 2007. Human milk: maternal dietary lipids and infant development. Nutr Soc. 66:397–404. P
  • Innis SM, King DJ. 1999. Trans Fatty acids in human milk are inversely associated with concentrations of essential all-cis n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and determine trans, but not n-6 and n-3, fatty acids in plasma lipids of breast-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 70:383–390.
  • Innis SM, Kuhnlein HV. 1988. Long-chain n-3 fatty acids in breast milk of Inuit women consuming traditional foods. Early Hum Dev. 18:185–189.
  • Jensen RG. 1996. The lipids in human milk. Prog Lipid Res. 35:53–92.
  • Jensen RG, Hagerty MM, Mcmahon KE. 1978. Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 31:990–1016.
  • Jiang J, Wu K, Yu Z, Ren Y, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Xu X, Li W, Jin Y, Yuan J. 2016. Changes in fatty acid composition of human milk over lactation stages and relationship with dietary intake in Chinese women. Food Funct. 7:3154–3162.
  • Jirapinyo P, Densupsoontorn N, Wiraboonchai D, Vissavavejam U, Tangtrakulvachira T, Chungsomprasong P, Thamonsiri N, Wongarn R. 2008. Fatty acid composition in breast milk from 4 regions of Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 91:1833.
  • Keikha M, Bahreynian M, Saleki M, Kelishadi R. 2017. Macro-and micronutrients of human milk composition: are they related to maternal diet? A comprehensive systematic review. Breastfeeding Med. 12:517–527.
  • Keim SA, Daniels JL, Siega‐Riz AM, Herring AH, Dole N, Scheidt PC. 2012. Breastfeeding and long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in the first 4 post‐natal months and infant cognitive development: an observational study. Matern Child Nutr. 8:471–482.
  • Kim H, Kang S, Jung B-M, Yi H, Jung JA, Chang N. 2017. Breast milk fatty acid composition and fatty acid intake of lactating mothers in South Korea. Br J Nutr. 117:556–561.
  • Kneebone GM, Kneebone R, Gibson RA. 1985. Fatty acid composition of breast milk from three racial groups from Penang, Malaysia. Am J Clin Nutr. 41:765–769.
  • Koletzko B. 1992. Trans fatty acids may impair biosynthesis of long‐chain polyunsaturates and growth in man. Acta Paediatr. 81:302–306.
  • Koletzko B, Mrotzek M, Bremer H. 1988. Fatty acid composition of mature human milk in Germany. Am J Clin Nutr. 47:954–959.
  • Koletzko B, Thiel I, Abiodun PO. 1991. Fatty acid composition of mature human milk in Nigeria. Z Ernährungswissenschaft. 30:289–297.
  • Koletzko B, Thiel I, Abiodun PO. 1992. The fatty acid composition of human milk in Europe and Africa. J Pediatr. 120:S62–S70.
  • Kramer MS, Kakuma R. 2004. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Protecting infants through human milk. Adv Exp Med Biol. 554:63–77.
  • Krasevec JM, Jones PJ, Cabrera-Hernandez A, Mayer DL, Connor WE. 2002. Maternal and infant essential fatty acid status in Havana, Cuba. Am J Clin Nutr. 76:834–844.
  • Krešić G, Dujmović M, Mandić ML, Delaš I. 2013. Relationship between Mediterranean diet and breast milk fatty acid profile: a study in breastfeeding women in Croatia. Dairy Sci Technol. 93(3):287–301.
  • Kuipers RS, Smit EN, Van Der Meulen J, Dijck-Brouwer DJ, Boersma ER, Muskiet FA. 2007. Milk in the island of Chole [Tanzania] is high in lauric, myristic, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, and low in linoleic acid reconstructed diet of infants born to our ancestors living in tropical coastal regions. Prostag Leukotr Ess. 76:221–233.
  • Lammi-Keefe CJ, Jensen RG. 1984. Lipids in human milk: a review. 2: composition and fat-soluble vitamins. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 3:172–198.
  • Laryea M, Leichsenring M, Mrotzek M, El-Amin EO, EL Kharib AO, Ahmed HM, Bremer H. 1995. Fatty acid composition of the milk of well-nourished Sudanese women. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 46:205–214.
  • Lauber E, Reinhardt M. 1979. Studies on the quality of breast milk during 23 months of lactation in a rural community of the Ivory Coast. Am J Clin Nutr. 32:1159–1173.
  • Lauritzen L, Carlson SE. 2011. Maternal fatty acid status during pregnancy and lactation and relation to newborn and infant status. Matern Child Nutr. 7:41–58.
  • Lopez-Lopez A, Lopez-Sabater M, Campoy-Folgoso C, Rivero-Urgell M, Castellote-Bargallo A. 2002. Fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in human milk from Granada (Spain) and in infant formulas. Eur J Clin Nutr. 56:1242.
  • Luna P, Juárez M, De La Fuente MA. 2007. Fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid isomer profiles in human milk fat. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 109(12):1160–1166.
  • Makrides M, Simmer K, Neumann M, Gibson R. 1995. Changes in the polyunsaturated fatty acids of breast milk from mothers of full-term infants over 30 wk of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 61:1231–1233.
  • Marangoni F, Agostoni C, Lammardo A, Bonvissuto M, Giovannini M, Galli C, Riva E. 2002. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in maternal plasma and in breast milk. Prostag Leukotr Ess. 66(5–6):535–540.
  • Marhol P, Dlouhý P, Rambousková J, Pokorný R, Wiererová O, Hrnčířová D, Procházka B, Anděl M. 2007. Higher content of C18: 1 trans fatty acids in early human milk fat of Roma breast-feeding women. Ann Nutr Metab. 51:461–467.
  • Marín MC, Sanjurjo A, Rodrigo M, De Alaniz MJ. 2005. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk in La Plata, Argentina: relationship with maternal nutritional status. Prostag Leukotr Ess. 73(5):355–360.
  • Meneses F, Torres AG, Trugo NM. 2008. Essential and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status and fatty acid composition of breast milk of lactating adolescents. Br J Nutr. 100:1029–1037.
  • Mihályi K, Györei E, Szabó É, Marosvölgyi T, Lohner S, Decsi T. 2015. Contribution of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to human milk is still low in Hungarian mothers. Eur J Pediatr. 174:393–398.
  • Mitoulas LR, Kent JC, Cox DB, Owens RA, Sherriff JL, Hartmann PE. 2002. Variation in fat, lactose and protein in human milk over 24h and throughout the first year of lactation. Br J Nutr. 88:29–37.
  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 151(4):264–269.
  • Mojska H, Socha P, Socha J, Soplińska E, Jaroszewska‐Balicka W, Szponar L. 2003. Trans fatty acids in human milk in Poland and their association with breastfeeding mothers’ diets. Acta Paediatr. 92:1381–1387.
  • Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Altaye M, Jiang X, Guerrero ML, Meinzen-Derr JK, Farkas T, Chaturvedi P, Pickering LK, Newburg DS. 2004. Human milk oligosaccharides are associated with protection against diarrhea in breast-fed infants. J Pediatr. 145:297–303.
  • Mosley EE, Wright AL, Mcguire MK, Mcguire MA. 2005. trans Fatty acids in milk produced by women in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 82:1292–1297.
  • Nayak U, Kanungo S, Zhang D, Ross Colgate E, Carmolli MP, Dey A, Alam M, Manna B, Nandy RK, Kim DR, et al. 2017. Influence of maternal and socioeconomic factors on breast milk fatty acid composition in urban, low‐income families. Matern Child Nutr. 13(4):e12423.
  • Nishimura RY, Barbieiri P, De Castro GS, Jordão AA Jr, Perdoná GDSC, Sartorelli DS. 2014. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during late pregnancy affects fatty acid composition of mature breast milk. Nutrition. 30:685–689.
  • Nommsen LA, Lovelady CA, Heinig MJ, Lönnerdal B, Dewey KG. 1991. Determinants of energy, protein, lipid, and lactose concentrations in human milk during the first 12 mo of lactation: the DARLING Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 53:457–465.
  • Ogunleye A, Fakoya AT, Niizeki S, Tojo H, Sasajima I, Kobayashi M, Tateishi S, Yamaguchi K. 1991. Fatty acid composition of breast milk from Nigerian and Japanese women. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 37:435–442.
  • Olafsdottir AS, Thorsdottir I, Wagner K, Elmadfa I. 2006. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet and breast milk of lactating icelandic women with traditional fish and cod liver oil consumption. Ann Nutr Metab. 50:270–276.
  • Olang B, Hajifaraji M, Ali MA, Hellstrand S, Palesh M, Azadnyia E, Kamali Z, Strandvik B, Yngve A. 2012. Docosahexaenoic acid in breast milk reflects maternal fish intake in Iranian mothers. FNS. 03(04):441–446.
  • Peng Y, Zhang T, Wang Q, Zetterström R, Strandvik B. 2007. Fatty acid composition in breast milk and serum phospholipids of healthy term Chinese infants during first 6 weeks of life. Acta Paediatr. 96:1640–1645.
  • Peng Y, Zhou T, Wang Q, Liu P, Zhang T, Zetterström R, Strandvik B. 2009. Fatty acid composition of diet, cord blood and breast milk in Chinese mothers with different dietary habits. Prostag Leukotr Ess. 81(5–6):325–330.
  • Potter JM, Nestel P. 1976. The effects of dietary fatty acids and cholesterol on the milk lipids of lactating women and the plasma cholesterol of breast-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 29:54–60.
  • Prentice A, Jarjou L, Drury PJ, Dewit O, Crawford MA. 1989. Breast-milk fatty acids of rural Gambian mothers: effects of diet and maternal parity. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 8:486–490.
  • Pugo-Gunsam P, Guesnet P, Subratty AH, Rajcoomar DA, Maurage C, Couet C. 1999. Fatty acid composition of white adipose tissue and breast milk of Mauritian and French mothers and erythrocyte phospholipids of their full-term breast-fed infants. Br J Nutr. 82:263–271.
  • Ribeiro M, Balcao V, Guimaraes H, Rocha G, Moutinho C, Matos C, Almeida C, Casal S, Guerra A. 2008. Fatty acid profile of human milk of Portuguese lactating women: prospective study from the 1st to the 16th week of lactation. Ann Nutr Metab. 53:50–56.
  • Rocquelin G, Tapsoba S, Dop MC, Mbemba F, Traissac P, Martin-Prével Y. 1998. Lipid content and essential fatty acid (EFA) composition of mature Congolese breast milk are influenced by mothers’ nutritional status: impact on infants’ EFA supply. Eur J Clin Nutr. 52:164.
  • Roy S, Dhar P, Ghosh S. 2012. Comparative evaluation of essential fatty acid composition of mothers’ milk of some urban and suburban regions of West Bengal, India. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 63:895–901.
  • Rueda R, Ramírez M, García-Salmerón JL, Maldonado J, Gil A. 1998. Gestational age and origin of human milk influence total lipid and fatty acid contents. Ann Nutr Metab. 42(1):12–22.
  • Ruel MT, Dewey KG, Martinez C, Flores R, Brown KH. 1997. Validation of single daytime samples of human milk to estimate the 24-h concentration of lipids in urban Guatemalan mothers. Am J Clin Nutr. 65:439–444.
  • Sala-Vila A, Castellote AI, Rodriguez-Palmero M, Campoy C, López-Sabater MC. 2005. Lipid composition in human breast milk from Granada (Spain): changes during lactation. Nutrition. 21:467–473.
  • Saphier O, Blumenfeld J, Silberstein T, Tzor T, Burg A. 2013. Fatty acid composition of breastmilk of Israeli mothers. Indian Pediatr. 50:1044–1046.
  • Sastry PS. 1985. Lipids of nervous tissue: composition and metabolism. Prog Lipid Res. 24:69–176.
  • Sauenvald TU, Demmelmair H, Fidler N, Koletzko B. 2002. Polyunsaturated fatty acid supply with human milk. Short and long term effects of breast feeding on child health. Adv Exp Med Biol. 478:261–270.
  • Sauer CW, Boutin MA, Kim JH. 2017. Wide variability in caloric density of expressed human milk can lead to major underestimation or overestimation of nutrient content. J Hum Lact. 33:341–350.
  • Schmeits BL, Cook JA, VanderJagt DJ, Magnussen MA, Bhatt SK, Bobik EG, Huang Y-S, Glew RH. 1999a. Fatty acid composition of the milk lipids of women in Nepal. Nutr Res. 19(9):1339–1348.
  • Schmeits BL, Okolo SN, Vanderjagt DJ, Huang Y-S, Chuang L-T, Mata JR, Tsin AA, Glew RH. 1999b. Content of lipid nutrients in the milk of Fulani women. J Hum Lact. 15:113–120.
  • Scopesi F, Ciangherotti S, Lantieri P, Risso D, Bertini I, Campone F, Pedrotti A, Bonacci W, Serra G. 2001. Maternal dietary PUFAs intake and human milk content relationships during the first month of lactation. Clin Nutr. 20:393–397.
  • Seppänen-Laakso T, Vanhanen H, Laakso I, Kohtamäki H, Viikari J. 1992. Replacement of butter on bread by rapeseed oil and rapeseed oil-containing margarine: effects on plasma fatty acid composition and serum cholesterol. Br J Nutr. 68:639–654.
  • Serra G, Marietta A, Bonacci W, Campone F, Bertini I, Lantieri PB, Risso D, Ciangherotti S. 1997. Fatty acid composition of human milk in Italy. Neonatology. 72:1–8.
  • Shi Y-D, Sun G-Q, Zhang Z-G, Deng X, Kang X-H, Liu Z-D, Ma Y, Sheng Q-H. 2011. The chemical composition of human milk from Inner Mongolia of China. Food Chem. 127:1193–1198.
  • Silberstein T, Burg A, Blumenfeld J, Sheizaf B, Tzur T, Saphier O. 2013. Saturated fatty acid composition of human milk in Israel: a comparison between Jewish and Bedouin women. Isr Med Assoc J. 15:156–159.
  • Silva MCH, Silva MTC, Brandão SC, Gomes JC, Peternelli LA, Franceschini S. 2005. Fatty acid composition of mature breast milk in Brazilian women. Food Chem. 93(2):297–303.
  • Stubbs CD, Smith AD. 1984. The modification of mammalian membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in relation to membrane fluidity and function. BBA-Gen Subjects (BBA)-Reviews on Biomembranes. 779(1):89–137.
  • Su M-y, Jia H-x, Chen W-l, Qi X-y, Liu C-p, Liu Z-m. 2018. Macronutrient and micronutrient composition of breast milk from women of different ages and dietary habits in Shanghai area. Int Dairy J. 85:27–34.
  • Su LL, Sk TC, Lim SL, Chen Y, Tan EA, Pai NN, Gong YH, Foo J, Rauff M, Chong YS. 2010. The influence of maternal ethnic group and diet on breast milk fatty acid composition. Ann Acad Med Singap. 39:675.
  • Szabó É, Boehm G, Beermann C, Weyermann M, Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Decsi T. 2010. Fatty acid profile comparisons in human milk sampled from the same mothers at the sixth week and the sixth month of lactation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 50:316–320.
  • Terrin N, Schmid CH, Lau J, Olkin I. 2003. Adjusting for publication bias in the presence of heterogeneity. Stat Med. 22:2113–2126.
  • Torres AG, Ney JG, Meneses F, Trugo NM. 2006. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers in breast milk are associated with plasma non-esterified and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition in lactating women. Br J Nutr. 95:517–524.
  • Underwood BA, Hepner R, Abdullah H. 1970. Protein, lipid, and fatty acids of human milk from Pakistani women during prolonged periods of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 23:400–407.
  • Urwin HJ, Zhang J, Gao Y, Wang C, Li L, Song P, Man, Q, Meng L, Frøyland L, Miles EA. 2013. Immune factors and fatty acid composition in human milk from river/lake, coastal and inland regions of China. Br J Nutr. 109:1949–1961.
  • von Elm EAD, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. 2007. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guide-lines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med. 147:573–577.
  • Vuori E, Kiuru K, Mäkinen S, Väyrynen P, Kara R, Kuitunen P. 1982. Maternal diet and fatty acid pattern of breast milk. Acta Paediatr. 71:959–963.
  • Wan Z-X, Wang X-L, Xu L, Geng Q, Zhang Y. 2010. Lipid content and fatty acids composition of mature human milk in rural North China. Br J Nutr. 103:913–916.
  • Wang L, Shimizu Y, Kaneko S, Hanaka S, Abe T, Shimasaki H, Hisaki H, Nakajima H. 2000. Comparison of the fatty acid composition of total lipids and phospholipids in breast milk from Japanese women. Pediatr Int. 42:14–20.
  • Wu, T-C, Lau B-H, Chen P-H, Wu, L-T, Tang R-B. 2010. Fatty acid composition of Taiwanese human milk. Chin Med J. 73:581–588.
  • Xiang M, Alfven G, Blennow M, Trygg M, Zetterström R. 2000. Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk and brain growth during early infancy. Acta Paediatr. 89:142–147.
  • Xiang M, Harbige LS, Zetterström R. 2005. Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in Chinese and Swedish mothers: diet, breast milk and infant growth. Acta Paediatr. 94:1543–1549.
  • Xiang M, Lei S, Li T, Zetterström R. 1999. Composition of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk and growth of young infants in rural areas of northern China. Acta Paediatr. 88:126–131.
  • Yang T, Zhang L, Bao W, Rong S. 2018. Nutritional composition of breast milk in Chinese women: a systematic review. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 27:491.
  • Yang T, Zhang Y, Ning Y, You L, Ma, D, Zheng Y, Yang X, Li W, Wenjun, J, Wang P. 2014. Breast milk macronutrient composition and the associated factors in urban Chinese mothers. Chin Med J. 127:1721–1725.
  • Yuhas R, Pramuk K, Lien EL. 2006. Human milk fatty acid composition from nine countries varies most in DHA. Lipids. 41:851–858.
  • Zachara BA, Pilecki A. 2000. Selenium concentration in the milk of breast-feeding mothers and its geographic distribution. Environ Health Perspect. 108:1043–1046.
  • Zeng X, Zhang Y, Kwong JSW, Zhang C, Li S, Sun F, Niu Y, Du L. 2015. The methodological quality assessment tools for preclinical and clinical studies, systematic review and meta‐analysis, and clinical practice guideline: a systematic review. J Evid Based Med. 8(1):2–10.
  • Zuraini A, Mohd-Esa N, Azlan A, Chan YM. 2013. The’trans’ fatty acid content in human milk and its association with maternal diet among lactating mothers in Malaysia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 22:431.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.