References
- Adams, S. 2009. “Can Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Help to Promote growth in Africa?” African Journal of Business Management 3 (5): 178–183.
- Adams, S., E. K. M. Klobodu, and R. O. Lamptey. 2017. “The Effects of Capital Flows on Economic Growth in Senegal.” Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 11 (2): 121–142. doi: 10.1177/0973801016687869
- Adams, S., D. Sakyi, and E. E. O. Opoku. 2016. “Capital Inflows and Domestic Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Pooled Mean Group (PMG) Estimation Approach.” Foreign Trade Review 51 (4): 328–343. doi: 10.1177/0015732516650820
- Africa Economic Outlook. 2014. “External Financial Flows and Tax Revenues for Africa, Global Value Chains and Africa’s Industrialization.” Africa Economic Outlook.
- Ahmed, A. D., E. Cheng, and G. Messinis. 2011. “The Role of Exports, FDI and Imports in Development: Evidence from Sub-Saharan African Countries.” Applied Economics 43 (26): 3719–3731. doi: 10.1080/00036841003705303
- Ahmed, H. A., and M. G. S. Uddin. 2009. “Export, Imports, Remittance and Growth in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis.” Trade and Development Review 2 (2): 79–92.
- Almeida, R., and A. M. Fernandes. 2008. “Openness and Technological Innovations in Developing Countries: Evidence from Firm-Level Surveys.” The Journal of Development Studies 44 (5): 701–727. doi: 10.1080/00220380802009217
- Arellano, M., and S. Bond. 1991. “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations.” Review of Economic Studies 58: 277–297. doi: 10.2307/2297968
- Arellano, M., and O. Bover. 1995. “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models.” Journal of Econometrics 68 (1): 29–51. doi: 10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D
- Atique, Z., M. H. Ahmed, and U. Azhar. 2004. “The Impact of FDI on Economic Growth Under Foreign Trade Regime: A Case Study of Pakistan.” The Pakistan Development Review 43 (4): 707–718. doi: 10.30541/v43i4IIpp.707-718
- Barajas, A., R. Chami, C. Fullenkamp, and A. Garg. 2010. “The Global Financial Crisis and Workers’ Remittances to Africa: What’s the Damage?” IMF Working Paper no. 10/24.
- Bhagwati, J. 1973. “The Theory of Immiserizing Growth: Further Applications.” In International Trade and Money, edited by M. Connolly and A. Swoboda, 45–54. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Bhagwati, J. 1978. “Anatomy and Consequences of Exchange Control Regimes.” USA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 7–52.
- Bhaskara Rao, B., and T. B. Takirua. 2010. “The Effects of Exports, Aid and Remittances on Output: The Case of Kiribati.” Applied Economics 42 (11): 1387–1396. doi: 10.1080/00036840701721331
- Biyase, M., and T. Zwane. 2014. “Is the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for African Countries? An Application of Panel Data Approach.” Public and Municipal Finance 3 (2): 30–34.
- Blundell, R., and S. Bond. 1998. “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models.” Journal of Econometrics 87 (1): 115–143. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8
- Brambor, T., W. R. Clark, and M. Golder. 2006. “Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses.” Political Analysis 14 (1): 63–82. doi: 10.1093/pan/mpi014
- Brueckner, M., and D. Lederman. 2015. “Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence from Sub-Sharan Africa.” Economica 82: 1302–1323. doi: 10.1111/ecca.12160
- Buffie, E. F. 1992. “On the Condition for Export-Led Growth.” Canadian Journal of Economics 25 (1): 211–225. doi: 10.2307/135720
- Busse, M., C. Erdogan, and H. Mühlen. 2016. “China’s Impact on Africa-the Role of Trade, DFI and Aid.” Kyklos 69 (2): 228–262. doi: 10.1111/kykl.12110
- Economist Intelligence Unit. 2012. Into Africa: Institutional Investor Intentions to 2016. Abu Dhabi.
- Fayissa, B., and C. Nsiah. 2010. “The Impact of Remittances on Economic Growth and Development in Africa.” The American Economist 55 (2): 92–103. doi: 10.1177/056943451005500210
- Felbermayr, G., J. Prat, and H. J. Schmerer. 2011. “Trade and Unemployment: What do the Data Say?” European Economic Review 55 (6): 741–758. doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011.02.003
- Herzer, D., and O. Morrissey. 2013. “Foreign Aid and Domestic Output in the Long Run.” Review of World Economics 149 (4): 723–748. doi: 10.1007/s10290-013-0169-y
- Ilorah, R. 2008. “Trade, Aid and National Development in Africa.” Development Southern Africa 25 (1): 83–98. doi: 10.1080/03768350701837796
- Ilorah, R. 2013. “Is Africa Trapped between Foreign aid Dependency and Failed Growth Initiatives?” University of Limpopo.
- Ilorah, R. 2014. “Recurring Challenges as Main Constraints to AU/NEPAD Projects.” Journal of African Business 15 (3): 156–168. doi: 10.1080/15228916.2014.956637
- Islam, N. 1995. “Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110 (4): 1127–1170. doi: 10.2307/2946651
- ITC. 2012. “Africa’s Trade Potentials: Export Opportunities in Growth Markets.” Technical Paper No. Mar-12-226.E. Geneva: International Trade Centre.
- Kali, R., F. Méndez, and J. Reyes. 2007. “Trade Structure and Economic Growth.” The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 16 (2): 245–269. doi: 10.1080/09638190701325649
- Klobodu, E. K. M., and S. Adams. 2016. “Capital Flows and Economic Growth in Ghana.” Journal of African Business 17 (3): 291–307. doi: 10.1080/15228916.2016.1169784
- Lane, P. R., and G. M. Milesi-Ferretti. 2000. “External Capital Structure: Theory and Evidence.” IMF Working Paper no. 152. Washington, DC.
- Lartey, E. K. 2013. “Remittances, Investment and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.” The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 22 (7): 1038–1058. doi: 10.1080/09638199.2011.632692
- Le Goff, M., and R. J. Singh. 2014. “Does Trade Reduce Poverty? A View from Africa.” Journal of African Trade 1 (1): 5–14. doi: 10.1016/j.joat.2014.06.001
- Makki, S. S., and A. Somwaru. 2004. “Impact of Foreign Direct Investment and Trade on Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Countries.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86 (3): 795–801. doi: 10.1111/j.0002-9092.2004.00627.x
- Marshall, M. G., T. R. Gurr, and K. Jaggers. 2017. “Regime Characteristics and Transition, 1800–2016.” Polity IV Project, Center for Systemic Peace, Codebook.
- Nwaogu, U. G., and M. J. Ryan. 2015. “FDI, Foreign Aid, Remittance and Economic Growth in Developing Countries.” Review of Development Economics 19 (1): 100–115. doi: 10.1111/rode.12130
- Olubiyi, E. A. 2014. “Trade, Remittances and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Any Causal Relationship?” African Development Review 26 (2): 274–285. doi: 10.1111/1467-8268.12081
- Papke, L. E., and J. M. Wooldridge. 2005. “A Computational Trick for Delta-Method Standard Errors.” Economics Letters 86 (3): 413–417. doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2004.07.022
- Pattillo, C., and L. A. Ricci. 2011. “External Debt and Growth.” Review of Economics and Institutions 2 (3): 1–30. doi: 10.5202/rei.v2i3.45
- Presbitero, A. F. 2012. “Total Public Debt and Growth in Developing Countries.” The European Journal of Development Research 24 (4): 606–626. doi: 10.1057/ejdr.2011.62
- Roodman, D. 2009. “A Note on the Theme of Too Many Instruments.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 71 (1): 135–158. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00542.x
- Rose, A. K. 2005. “One Reason Countries Pay their Debts: Renegotiation and International Trade.” Journal of Development Economics 77 (1): 189–206. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2004.03.006
- Sakyi, D., and J. Egyir. 2017. “Effects of Trade and FDI on Economic Growth in Africa: An Empirical Investigation.” Transnational Corporations Review 9 (2): 66–87. doi: 10.1080/19186444.2017.1326717
- Sakyi, D., J. Villaverde, and A. Maza. 2015. “Trade Openness, Income Levels, and Economic Growth: The Case of Developing Countries, 1970–2009.” The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 24 (6): 860–882. doi: 10.1080/09638199.2014.971422
- Sala, H., and P. Trivín. 2014. “Openness, Investment and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of African Economies 23 (2): 257–289. doi: 10.1093/jae/ejt027
- Seyoum, M., R. Wu, and J. Lin. 2014. “Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness in Sub-Saharan Economies: A Panel Data Granger Causality Analysis.” South African Journal of Economics 82 (3): 402–421. doi: 10.1111/saje.12022
- Stahl, C. W., and F. Arnold. 1986. “Overseas Workers’ Remittances in Asian Development.” International Migration Review 20 (4): 899–925.
- UNCTAD. 2013. Capital Flows to Developing Countries: When are they Good for Development? Geneva: United Nations.
- UNCTAD. 2018. “Investment and New Industrial Policies.” World Investment Report 2018, United Nations Publications, New York and Geneva. UNCTAD/WIR/2018.
- United Nations. 2017. United Nations Statistics Division Database. United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/databases.htm.
- World Bank. 2017. World Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Zouhaier, H., and M. Fatma. 2014. “Debt and Economic Growth.” International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 4 (2): 440–448.