Stigma and disclosure: Implications for coming out of the closet

References

• Amador, X.F. & Kronengold, H. (1998). The description and meaning of insight in psycho-sis. In X.F. Amador & A.S. David (eds.), Insight and psychosis. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (1952). Diag-nostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (1st ed.). Washington: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diag-nostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Washington: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diag-nostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diag-nostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., revised). Washington: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diag-nostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diag-nostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., revised). Washington: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Beals, K.P. & Peplau, L.A. (2001). Social involve-ment, disclosure of sexual orientation, and the quality of lesbian relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 10–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besner, H.F. & Spungin, C.I. (1995). Gay and lesbian students: Understanding their needs. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Brady, S. & Busse, W.J. (1994). The Gay Identity Questionnaire: A brief measure of homosexual identity formation. Journal of Homosexuality, 26, 1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookey, R.A. (2000). Saints or sinners: Socio-biological theories of male homosexuality. International Journal of Sexuality & Gender Studies, 5, 37–58.
   Google Scholar
• Cain, R. (1991). Stigma management and gay identity development. Social Work, 36, 67–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cass, V.C. (1979). Homosexual identity forma-tion: A theoretical model. Journal of Homo-sexuality, 4, 219–235.
   Google Scholar
• Cass, V.C. (1984). Homosexual identity forma-tion: Testing a theoretical model. Journal of Homosexuality, 20, 143–167.
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlin, J. (1998). Citizenship rights and psychiatric disability. Psychiatric Rehabilita-tion Journal, 21, 405–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chekola, M. (1994). Outing, truth-telling, and the shame of the closet. Journal of Homosexuality, 27, 67–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P.W. (2000). Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change. Clinical Psychol-ogy-Science & Practice, 7, 48–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P.W. & Lundin, R.K. (2001). Don't Call Me Nuts! Coping with the Stigma of Mental Illness. Tinley Park, IL: Recovery Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P.W. & Watson, A.C. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology-Science & Practice, 9, 35–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P.W., River, L., Lundin, R.K., Penn, DL., Uphoff-Wasowski, K., Campion, J., Mathisen, J., Gagnon, C., Bergman, M., Goldstein, H. & Kubiak, M.A. (2001). Three strategies for changing attributions about severe mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27, 187–195.
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P.W., Rowan, D., Green, A., Lundin, R., River, P., Uphoff-Wasowski, K., White, K. & Kubiac, M.A. (2003). Challenging two mental illness stigmas: Personal responsibility and dangerousness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 28, 293–310.
   Google Scholar
• Cover, R. (2000). First contact: Queer theory, sexual identity and "mainstream" film. Inter-national Journal of Sexuality & Gender Studies, 5, 71–89.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, W.E. (1971). Toward a psychology of Black liberation: The Negro-to-Black conversion experience. Black World, 20, 13–27.
   Google Scholar
• Crossley, N. (1998). R.D. Laing and the British anti-psychiatry movement: A socio-historic analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 47, 877–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, D., & Neal, C. (eds.). (2000). Therapeutic perspectives on working with lesbian, gay and bisexual clients. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Day, N.E. & Schoenrade, P. (1997). Staying in the closet versus coming out: Relationships be-tween communication about sexual orienta-tion and work attitudes. Personnel Psychology, 50, 147–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, N.E. & Schoenrade, P. (2000). The relation-ship among reported disclosure of sexual orientation, anti-discrimination policies, top management support and work attitudes of gay and lesbian employees. Personnel Review, 29, 346–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, RE., Goldman, HE., Leff, H., Lehman, A.F., Dixon, L., Mueser, K.T. & Torrey, W.C. (2001). Implementing evidence-based practices in routine mental health service settings. Psychiatric Services, 52, 179–182.
   Google Scholar
• Duberman, M. (1993). Stonewall. New York: Dutton.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, B. & Akman, J.S. (2002). Normal devel-opment in sexual minority youth. In B. E. Jones & M. J. Hill (eds.), Mental health issues in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities Review of psychiatry. Washing-ton, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, D.B. (1994). Health care reform based on an empowerment model of recovery by people with psychiatric disabilities. Hospital & Com-munity Psychiatry, 45, 913–915.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher, D.B. & Ahern, L. (2000). Personal Assistance in Community Existence (PACE): An alternative to PACT. Ethical Human Sciences & Services, 2, 87–92.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (Ed.). (1980). Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteeth-Century French Hermaphrodite. New York: Pantheon.
   Google Scholar
• Frese, F.J. & Davis, W.W. (1997). The consumer-survivor movement, recovery, and consumer professionals. Professional Psychology- Re-search & Practice, 28, 243–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galinsky, A.D., Hugenberg, K., Groom, C. & Bodenhausen, G. (2003). The reappropriation of stigmatizing labels: Implications for social identity. In M. A. Neale, E. A. Mannix, & J. Polzer (Eds.), Research on managing groups and teams. Greenwich, CT: Elsevier Science Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the manage-ment of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, W.S., Freedle R. & Cross, W.E. (1972). Stages in the development of a black identity. Act Research Reports No, 50(21).
   Google Scholar
• Herek, G.M. (1986). On heterosexual masculinity: Some psychical consequences of the social construction of gender and sexuality. Amer-ican Behavioral Scientist, 29, 563–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G.M. (1996). Heterosexism and homopho-bia. In R.P. Cabaj & T.S. Stein (eds.), Text-book of homosexuality and mental health. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Herek, G.M. & Capitanio, J.P. (1996). 'Some of my best friends': Intergroup contact, conceal-able stigma, and heterosexuals' attitudes to-ward gay men and lesbians. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 412–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G.M., Gillis, J., Cogan, J.C. & Glunt, E.K. (1997). Hate crime victimization among les-bian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 195–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, N.J. (1993). Return to sender: Reinte-grative stigma-management strategies of ex-psychiatric patients. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 22, 295–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, E., Corrigan, P.W., Williams, P., Canar, J. & Kubiak, M.A. (1999). Changing attitudes about schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 447–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. (2001). World Report. New York: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, K. (1994). Becoming Visible. Los An-geles: Alyson Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, C.C. & Johnson, K.A. (2000). High-risk behavior among gay adolescents: Implications for treatment and support. Adolescence, 35, 619–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, J.M., Lynch, P.D., Tenglund, A.A. & Gaertner, S.L. (2000). Toward a diversity hypothesis: Multidimensional effects of inter-group contact. Applied & Preventive Psychol-ogy, 9, 53–62.
   Google Scholar
• Kadushin, G. (2000). Family secrets: Disclosure of HIV status among gay men with HIV/AIDS to the family of origin. Social Work in Health Care, 30, 1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kates, S.M. & Belk, R.W. (2001). The meanings of Lesbian and Gay Pride Day: Resistance through consumption and resistance to con-sumption. Journal of Contemporary Ethnogra-phy, 30, 392–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, C. (1991). Socioenvironmental determi-nants of community formation. Environment & Behavior, 23, 27–46.
   Google Scholar
• Kinzie, J. (2000). The historical relationship between psychiatry and the major religions. In J.K. Boehnlein (ed.), Psychiatry and reli-gion: The convergence of mind and spirit issues in psychiatry. Washington: American Psychia-tric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Link, B.G. & Cullen, F.T. (1986). Contact with the mentally ill and perceptions of how dangerous they are. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 27, 289–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B.G. & Phelan, J.C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo, D.J. & Gunderson, M. (1994). Privacy and the ethics of outing. Journal of Homosexuality, 27, 47–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarn, S.R. & Fassinger, RE. (1996). Revision-ing sexual minority identity formation: A new model of lesbian identity and its implications. Counseling Psychologist, 24, 508–534.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, J. (1994). The closet and the ethics of outing. Journal of Homosexuality, 27, 27–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoy, J.P. (1998). The relationship between insight in psychosis and compliance with medications, In X.F. Amador & A.S. David (eds.), Insight and psychosis. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mio, J.S. & Iwamasa, G. (1993). To do, or not to do: That is the question for White cross-cultural researchers. Counseling Psychologist, 21, 197–212.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, J.K. (1980). The public's current beliefs about mental illness: Serious obstacle to effective community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 697–707.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mosher, L.R. & Burti, L. (1992). Relationships in rehabilitation: When technology fails. Psycho-social Rehabilitation Journal, 15,11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Narrow, WE., Rae, D.S., Robins, L.N. & Regier, D.A. (2002). Revised prevalence based esti-mates of mental disorders in the United States: using a clinical signficance criterion to recon-cile 2 surveys' estimates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 115–123.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, M.R. (1987). A study of gay and lesbian teachers. Journal of Homosexuality, 13, 73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parham, T.A. (1989). Cycles of psychological Nigrescence. Counseling Psychologist, 17, 187–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn, DL., Guynan, K., Daily, T., Spaulding, W.D., Garbin, C.P. & Sullivan, M. (1994). Dispelling the stigma of schizophrenia: What sort of information is best? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 567–578.
   Google Scholar
• Penn, DL., Kommana, S., Mansfield, M. & Link, B.G. (1999). Dispelling the stigma of schizo-phrenia: II. The impact of information on dangerousness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 437–446.
   Google Scholar
• Ponterotto, J.G. & Sabnani, H.B. (1989). 'Clas-sics' in multicultural counseling: A systematic five-year content analysis. Journal of Multi-cultural Counseling & Development, 17, 23–37.
   Google Scholar
• Ragins, B.R. & Cornwell, J.M. (2001). Pink triangles: Antecedents and consequences of perceived workplace discrimination against gay and lesbian employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1244–1261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridley, CR., Mendoza, D.W. & Kanitz, B.E. (1994). Multicultural training: Reexamination, operationalization, and integration. Counsel-ing Psychologist, 22, 227–289.
   Google Scholar
• Rosario, M., Hunter, J., Maguen, S., Gwadz, M. & Smith, R. (2001). The coming-out process and its adaptational and health-related asso-ciations among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: Stipulation and exploration of a model. American Journal of Community Psy-chology, 29, 113–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R.C. (2001). Mom, dad, I'm Gay. How families negotiate coming out. Washing-ton: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Sophie, J. (1985). A critical examination of stage theories of lesbian identity development. Jour-nal of Homosexuality, 12, 39–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson, B. & Hansson, L. (1994). Patient satisfaction with inpatient psychiatric care: The influence of personality traits, diagnosis and perceived coercion. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90, 379–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trainor, J., Shepherd, M., Boydell, KM., Leff, A. & Crawford, E. (1997). Beyond the service paradigm: The impact and implications of consumer/survivor initiatives. Psychiatric Re-habilitation Journal, 21, 132–140.
   Google Scholar
• Van Tosh, L. & del Vecchio, P. (2000). Consumer/ survivor-operated self-help programs: A techni-cal report. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Vincke, J., De Rycke, L., & Bolton, R. (1999). Gay identity and the experience of gay social stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 1316–1331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver v. Nebo School District., 29 F. Supp. 2d 1279 (C. D. Utah 1998).
   Google Scholar
• Wegner, D.M. & Lane, J.D. (1995). From secret to psychopathology. In J.W. Pennebaker (ed.), Emotion, disclosure, & health. Washington: American Psychological Association. between nonpsychotic psychiatric diagnoses in adolescent males and subsequent onset of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 959 — 964.
   Google Scholar