1,133
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Four decades following the Khmer rouge: sociodemographic factors impacting depression, anxiety and PTSD in Cambodia

, , , &
Pages 175-180 | Received 14 Jun 2016, Accepted 23 Feb 2018, Published online: 07 May 2018

References

  • Adler RN, Smith J, Fishman P, Larson EB. (2004). To prevent, react, and rebuild: Health research and the prevention of genocide. Health Serv Res, 39, 2027–51
  • Baxter AJ, Scott KM, Vos T, Whiteford HA. (2013). Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-regression. Psychol Med, 43, 897–910
  • Bayer CP, Klasen F, Adam H. (2007). Association of trauma and PTSD symptoms with openness to reconciliation and feelings of revenge among former Ugandan and Congolese child soldiers. JAMA, 298, 555–9
  • Bolton P, Michalopoulos LT, Ahmed AMA, et al. (2013). The mental health and psychosocial problems of survivors of torture and genocide in Kurdistan, Northern Iraq: A brief qualitative study. Torture, 23, 1–14
  • Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights. (2004). A brief report on the situation of women in Cambodia. LICAHO. Available from: https://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/56Situation%20of%20Women%20Report.pdf
  • Center for Economic and Social Rights. (2009). Cambodia: Fact sheet 7. Available from: http://www.cesr.org/downloads/cambodia%20WEB-%20CESR%20FINAL.pdf
  • Chan M. (2010). Mental health and development: Targeting people with mental health conditions as a vulnerable group. World Health Organization. Available from: http://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/mhtargeting/en/
  • Corrigan PW, Bink AB, Schmidt A, et al. (2016). What is the impact of self-stigma? Loss of self-respect and the “why try” effect. J Ment Health, 25, 10–5
  • Couture S, Penn D. (2003). Interpersonal contact and the stigma of mental illness: A review of the literature. J Ment Health, 12, 291–305
  • de Jong JT, Komproe IH, Van Ommeren M. (2003). Common mental disorders in postconflict settings. Lancet, 361, 2128–30
  • de Jong JT, Komproe IH, Van Ommeren M, et al. (2001). Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings. JAMA, 286, 555–62
  • de Walque D. (2006). The socio-demographic legacy of the Khmer Rouge period in Cambodia. Popul Stud, 60, 223–31
  • Dubois V, Tonglet R, Hoyois P, et al. (2004). Household survey of psychiatric morbidity in Cambodia. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 50, 174–85
  • Eng S, Li Y, Mulsow M, Fischer J. (2010). Domestic violence against women in Cambodia: Husband’s control, frequency of spousal discussion, and domestic violence reported by Cambodian women. J Fam Viol, 25, 237–46
  • Fazel M, Reed RV, Panter-Brick C, Stein A. (2012). Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors. Lancet, 379, 266–82
  • Finkel E, Straus S. (2012). Macro, meso, and micro research on genocide: Gains, shortcomings, and future areas of inquiry. Genocide Stud Prevent, 7, 56–67
  • Hamama-Raz Y, Solomon Z, Cohen A, Laufer A. (2008). PTSD symptoms, forgiveness, and revenge among Israeli Palestinian and Jewish adolescents. J Traum Stress, 21, 521–9
  • Hensengerth O. (2011). Violence research in northeast and Southeast Asia: Main themes and directions. IJCV, 5, 56
  • Hinton AL. (2004). Why did they kill?: Cambodia in the shadow of genocide. Berkley, CA: University of California Press
  • Jegannathan B, Kullgren G, Deva P. (2015). Mental health services in Cambodia, challenges and opportunities in a post-conflict setting. Asian J Psychiatr, 13, 75–80
  • Keo C. (2013). Human trafficking in Cambodia (Vol. 64). New York, NY: Routledge
  • Kiernan B. (2014). The Pol Pot regime: Race, power, and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
  • Kish L. (1949). A procedure for objective respondent selection within the household. J Am Stat Assoc, 44, 380–7
  • Lopes Cardozo B, Kaiser R, Gotway CA, Agani F. (2003). Mental health, social functioning, and feelings of hatred and revenge of Kosovar Albanians one year after the war in Kosovo. J Traum Stress, 16, 351–60
  • Marshall GN, Schell TL, Elliott MN, et al. (2005). Mental health of Cambodian refugees 2 decades after resettlement in the United States. JAMA, 294, 571–9
  • May S, Rapee RM, Coello M, et al. (2014). Mental health literacy among refugee communities: differences between the Australian lay public and the Iraqi and Sudanese refugee communities. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 49, 757–69
  • McLaughlin D, Wickeri E. (2012). Mental health and human rights in Cambodia. Fordham Int Law J, 35, 895–967
  • Mollica RF. (2004). Measuring trauma, measuring torture: instructions and guidance on the utilization of the Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma’s Versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) & The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma
  • Mollica RF, Caspi-Yavin Y, Bollini P, et al. (1992). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. J Nerv Ment Dis, 180, 111–6
  • Mollica RF, Wyshak G, Marneffe D, et al. (1987). Indochinese version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25: A screening instrument for the psychiatric care of refugees. AJP, 144, 497–500
  • Mukashema I, Mullet E. (2013). Unconditional forgiveness, reconciliation sentiment, and mental health among victims of genocide in Rwanda. Soc Indic Res, 113, 121–32
  • Nateghian S, Dastgiri SS, Mullet E. (2015). Dispositional forgiveness and PTSD among Iranian veterans of the 1980–1988 War. J Loss Trauma, 20, 123–30
  • Nicholl C, Thompson A. (2004). The psychological treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adult refugees: A review of the current state of psychological therapies. J Ment Health, 13, 351–62
  • Pearlman L. (2013). Restoring self in community: Collective approaches to psychological trauma after genocide. J Soc Issues, 69, 111–24
  • Pham PN, Weinstein HM, Longman T. (2004). Trauma and PTSD symptoms in Rwanda: Implications for attitudes toward justice and reconciliation.JAMA, 292, 602–12. doi:10.1001/jama.292.5.602
  • Porter M, Haslam N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 294, 602–12
  • Rieder H, Elbert T. (2013). Rwanda–lasting imprints of a genocide: Trauma, mental health and psychosocial conditions in survivors, former prisoners and their children. Confl Health, 7, 1
  • Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M, Whiteford H. (2007). Resources for mental health: Scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. Lancet, 370, 878–89
  • Sayce L. (1998). Stigma, discrimination and social exclusion: What’s in a word? J Ment Health, 7, 331–43
  • Somasundaram DJ, van de Put WA, Eisenbruch M, de Jong JT. (1999). Starting mental health services in Cambodia. Soc Sci Med, 48, 1029–46
  • Sonis J, Gibson JL, De Jong JT, et al. (2009). Probable posttraumatic stress disorder and disability in Cambodia: Associations with perceived justice, desire for revenge, and attitudes toward the Khmer Rouge trials. JAMA, 302, 527–36.
  • Stickney S, Yanosky D, Black DR, Stickney NL. (2012). Socio-demographic variables and perceptual moderators related to mental health stigma. J Ment Health, 21, 244–56
  • Tol WA, Song S, Jordans MJ. (2013). Annual research review: Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict–a systematic review of findings in low‐and middle‐income countries. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 54, 445–60
  • Vortruba N, Eaton J, Prince M, Thornicroft G. (2014). The importance of global mental health for the sustainable development goals. J Ment Health, 23, 283–6
  • World Health Organization. (2001). The World Health Report 2001: Mental health: new understanding, new hope. Geneva: World Health Organization
  • Yates F, Grundy PM. (1953). Selection without replacement from within strata with probability proportional to size. J R Stat Soc Series B, 15, 253–61

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.