References
- Afifi, M. (2007). Gender differences in mental health. Singapore Medical Journal, 48, 385–391. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17453094
- Alegria, M., Vallas, M., & Pumariega, A. J. (2010). Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric mental health. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 19, 759–774. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2010.07.001
- Asian & Pacific Islander American Health Forum. (2010). Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander health disparities. Retrieved from www.apiahf.org/sites/default/files/NHPI_Report08a_2010.pdf
- Asnaani, A., Richey, J. A., Dimaite, R., Hinton, D. E., & Hofmann, S. G. (2010). A cross-ethnic cimparison of lifetime prevalcence rates of anxiety disorders. The Journalof Nervous and Mental Diseases, 198, 551–555. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318ea169f
- Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations. (2010). Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, Pacific Islanders (AA & NHOPI) in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.aapcho.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/AAPCHO_FactSheet-AANHOPI_in_US_2010.pdf
- Augsberger, A., Yeung, A., Dougher, M., & Hahm, H. C. (2015). Factors influencing the underutilization of mental health services among Asian American women with a history of depression and suicide. BMC Health Services Research, 15, 542. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1191-7
- Boyd, A., Van de Velde, S., Vilagut, G., de Graaf, R., O’Neill, S., Florescu, S., … Kovess-Masfety, V. (2015). Gender differences in mental disorders and suicidality in Europe: Results from a large cross-sectional population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 245–254.
- Breslau, J., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., Gaxiola-Aguilar, S., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 35, 317–327. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748985/
- Breslau, J., Marshall, G. N., Pincus, H. A., & Brown, R. A. (2014). Are mental disorders more common in urban than rural areas of the United States?. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 56, 50–55. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.05.004
- Broman, C. L. (2012). Race differences in the receipt of mental health services among young adults. Psychological Service, 9, 38–48. doi:10.1037/a0027089
- Carlton, B., Goebert, D. A., Bell, C. K., Horton, M., Else, I. R. N., Marcinowski, M., & Yamada, L. (2011). Integration cultural values into mental health treatment. Hulili: Multidisciplinary Research on Hawaiian Well-Being, 7, 159–183. Retrieved from http://www.ksbe.edu/_assets/spi/hulili/hulili_vol_7/7_Hulili_2011_Vol7_Carlton_et_al.pdf
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2017). Medicaid & CHIP: Strengthening coverage, improving health. Retrieved from https://www.medicaid.gov/ medicaid/program-information/downloads/accomplishments-report.pdf
- Chow, J. C., Jaffee, K., & Snowden, L. (2003). Racial/ethnic disparities in the use of mental health services in poverty areas. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 792–797. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447841/
- Clarke, K. A. (2007). A simple distribution-free test for nonnested model selection. Political Analysis, 15, 347–363. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi = 10.1.1.102.4099&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- Coker, T. R., Elliott, M. N., Kataoka, S., Schwebel, D. C., Mrug, S., Grunbaum, J. A., … Schuster, M. A. (2009). Racial/Ethnic disparities in the mental health care utilization of fifth grade children. Academic Pediatrics, 9, 89–96. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2008.11.007
- Cook, W. K., John, I., Chung, C., Tseng, W., & Lee, J. P. (2017). Medicaid expansion and healthcare access: Lessons from Asian American and Pacific Islander experiences in California. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 19, 995–999. doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0496-x
- Cook, B. L., Trinh, N.-H., Li, Z., Hou, S. S.-Y., & Progovac, A. M. (2017). Trends in racial-ethnic disparities in access to mental health care, 2004-2012. Psychiatric Services, 68, 9–16. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201500453
- Cooper-Patrick, L., Gallo, J. J., Gonzales, J. J., Vu, H. T., Powe, N. R., Nelson, C., & Ford, D. E. (1999). Race, gender, and partnership in the patient-physician relationship. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 583–589. Retrieved from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/191132
- Dinwiddie, G. Y., Gaskin, D. J., Chan, K. S., Norrington, J., & McCleary, R. (2013). Residential segregation, geographic proximity and type of services used: Evidence for racial/ethnic disparities in mental health. Social Science & Medicine, 80, 67–75. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.024
- Elixhauser, A., Steiner, C., & Palmer, L. (2015). Clincal Clssifications Software (CCS). Retrieved from http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/toolssoftware/ccs/ccs.jsp
- Evans-Campbell, T. (2008). Historical trauma in American Indian/Native Alaska communities: A multilevel framework for exploring impacts on individuals, families, and communities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, 316–338. doi:10.1177/0886260507312290
- Freedenthal, S. (2007). Racial disparities in mental health service use by adolescents who thought about or attempted suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37, 22–34. doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.1.22
- Gagne, S., Vasiliadis, H. M., & Preville, M. (2014). Gender differences in general and specialty outpatient mental health service use for depression. BioMed Central Psychiatry, 14, 135. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-135
- Gorman, A. (2015). For many Asian Americans, depression is an unfamiliar word. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/for-many-asian-americans-depression-is-an-unfamiliar-word/2015/05/22/f186d140-e8f1-11e4-9767-6276fc9b0ada_story.html
- Hoeffel, E. M., Rastogi, S., Kim, M. O., & Shahid, H. (2012). The Asian Population: 2010. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-11.pdf
- Horvitz-Lennon, M., McGuire, T. G., Alegria, M., & Frank, R. G. (2009). Racial and ethnic disparities in the treatment of a Medicaid population with schizophrenia. Health Services Research, 44, 2106–2122. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2009.01041.x
- Huang, B., Grant, B. F., Dawson, D. A., Stinson, F. S., Chou, S. P., Saha, T. D., … Pickering, R. P. (2006). Race-ethnicity and the prevalence and co-occurrence of diagnositc and statistical manual of mental disoders, fourth edition, alcohol and drug use disordes and axis I and II disorders: United States, 2001 to 2002. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 252–257. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.11.001
- Institute of Medicine Committee; B. D. Smedley, A. Y. Stith, & A. R. Nelson (Eds.). (2003). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25032386
- Ismail, N., & Zamani, H. (2013). Estimation of claim count data using negative binomial, generalized Poisson, zero-inflated negative binomial and zero-inflated generalized Poisson regression models. Casualty Actuarial Society E-Forum. Retrieved from https://www.casact.org/pubs/forum/13spforum/Ismail%20Zamani.pdf
- Ismayilova, L., Gaveras, E., Blum, A., To-Camier, A., & Nanema, R. (2016). Maltreatment and mental health outcomes among ultra-poor children in Burkina Faso: A latent class analysis. PLoS One, 11, e0164790. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164790
- Jimenez, D. E., Cook, B., Bartels, S. J., & Alegria, M. (2013). Disparities in mental health service use of racial and ethnic minority elderly adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61, 18–25. doi:10.1111/jgs.12063
- Kataoka, S. H., Zhang, L., & Wells, K. B. (2002). Unmet need for mental health care among U.S. children: Gender differences in mental disorders and suicidality in Europe: Results from a large cross-sectional population-based study ariation by ethnicity and insurance status. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1548–1555. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1548
- Kiani, R., Tyrer, F., Hodgson, A., Berkin, N., & Bhaumik, S. (2013). Urban-rural differences in the nature and prevalence of mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57, 119–127. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01523.x
- Kim, W., & Keefe, R. H. (2010). Barriers to healthcare among Asian Americans. Socical Work in Public Health, 25(3–4), 286–295. doi:10.1080/19371910903240704
- Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., Ko, D., & Taylor, S. E. (2006). Pursuit of comfort and pursuit of harmony: Culture, relationships, and social support seeking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1595–1607. doi:10.1177/0146167206291991
- Kisch, J., Leino, E. V., & Silverman, M. M. (2005). Aspects of suicidal behavior, depression, and treatment in college students: Results from the spring 2000 national college health assessment survey. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35, 3–13. doi:10.1521/suli.35.1.3.59263
- Kramer, E. J., Kwong, K., Lee, E., & Chung, H. (2002). Cultural factors influencing the mental health of Asian Americans. Western Journal of Medicine, 176, 227–231. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071736/
- Lake, J., Helgason, C., & Sarris, J. (2012). Integrative Mental Health (IMH): Paradigm, research, and clinical practice. Explore (NY), 8, 50–57. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2011.10.001
- Lambert, D., & Agger, M. S. (1995). Access of rural AFDC Medicaid beneficiaries to mental health services. Health Care Financing Review, 17, 133–145. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4193566/
- Le Querrec, F., Bounes, V., Mestre, M. L., Azema, O., Longeaux, N., & Gallart, J. C. (2015). Sex and age differences in ED patients with mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 33, 1612–1616. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2015.06.068
- Lo, C. C., Cheng, T. C., & Howell, R. J. (2014). Access to and utilization of health services as pathway to racial disparities in serious mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 50, 251–257. doi:10.1007/s10597-013-9593-7
- Malhotra, K., Shim, R., Baltrus, P., Heiman, H. J., Adekeye, O., & Rust, G. (2015). Racial/ethnic disparities in mental health service utilization among youth participating in negative externalizing behaviors. Ethnicity and Disease, 25, 123–129. Retrieved from https://www.ethndis.org/edonline/index.php/ethndis/article/view/117/81
- Manseau, M., & Case, B. G. (2014). Racial-ethnic disparities in outpatient mental health visits to U.S. physicians, 1993-2008. Psychiatric Services, 65, 59–67. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201200528
- Mau, M. (2010). Health and health care of Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander older adults. V. J. Periyakoil (Ed.), Stannford, CA: eCampus Geriatrics. Retrieved from http://www.healthalt.org/uploads/2/3/7/5/23750643/native_hawaiian_other_pacific_islander_older_adults.pdf
- McGuire, T. G., Alegria, M., Cook, B. L., Wells, K. B., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2006). Implementing the Institute of Medicine definition of disparities: An application to mental health care. Health Services Research, 41, 1979–2005. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00583.x
- National Institute of Mental Health (2016a). Any mental illness (AMI) among U.S. adults. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mental-illness-ami-among-us-adults.shtml
- National Institute of Mental Health (2016b). Use of mental health services and treatment among adults. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/use-of-mental-health-services-and-treatment-among-adults.shtml
- Nelson, A. R., (2003). Unequal treatment: Report o the institute of medicine on racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare. Ann Thorac Surg, 76, S1377–S1381. doi:10.1016/S0003-975(03)01205-02
- Park, J. E., Lee, J. Y., Jeon, H. J., Han, K. H., Sohn, J. H., Sung, S. J., & Cho, M. J. (2014). Age-related differences in the influence of major mental disorders on suicidality: A Korean nationwide community sample. Journal of Affective Disorder, 162, 96–101. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.012
- Petering, R., Rhoades, H., Winetrobe, H., Dent, D., & Rice, E. (2017). Violence, trauma, mental health, and substance use among homeless youth Juggalos. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 48, 642–650. doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0689-5
- Posner, S. F., & Goodman, R. A. (2014). Multimorbidity at the local level: Implications and research directions. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 89, 1321–1323. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.007
- Riecher-Rossler, A. (2017). Sex and gender differences in mental disorders. Lancet Psychiatry, 4, 8–9. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30348-0
- Riolo, S. A., Nguyen, T. A., Greden, J. F., & King, C. A. (2005). Prevalence of depression by race/ethnicity: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 998–1000. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.047225
- Sakai, J. T., Risk, N. K., Tanaka, C. A., & Price, R. K. (2008). Conduct disorder among Asians and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders in the USA. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1013–1025. doi:10.1017/S0033291707001316
- Samnaliev, M., McGovern, M. P., & Clark, R. E. (2009). Racial/ethnic disparities in mental health treatment in six Medicaid programs. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 20, 165–176. doi:10.1353/hpu.0.0125
- Sentell, T., Unick, G. J., Ahn, H. J., Braun, K. L., Miyamura, J., & Shumway, M. (2013). Illness severity and psychiatric hospitalization rates among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Psychiatric Services, 64, 1095–1102. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201200408
- Shin, J. K. (2009). Inpatient stays of Asian patients with psychiatric diagnoses in New York City. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30, 112–121. doi:10.1080/01612840802597937
- Ta, V. M., Juon, H. S., Gielen, A. C., Steinwachs, D., & Duggan, A. (2008). Disparities in use of mental health and substance abuse services by Asian and Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander women. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 35, 20–36. doi:10.1007/s11414-007-9078-y
- Takeuchi, D. T., Zane, N., Hong, S., Chae, D. H., Gong, F., Gee, G. C., … Alegría, M. (2007). Immigration-related factors and mental disorders among Asian Amerians. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 84–90. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.088401
- Tran, H., Do, V., & Baccaglini, L. (2016). Health care access, utilization, and management in adult Chinese, Koreans, and Vietnamese with cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 3, 340–348. doi:10.1007/s40615-015-0155-2
- Tseng, W.-S. (2006). From peculair psychiatric disorders through culture-bound syndromes to culture-related specific syndromes. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43, 554–576. doi:10.1177/1363461506070781
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity – A supplement to mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/
- Vuong, Q. H. (1989). Likelihood ratio tests for model selection and non-nested hypotheses. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 57, 307–333. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1912557
- Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 629–640. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.629
- Weil, A., & Scheppach, R. (2010). New roles for states in health reform implementation. Health Affairs, 29, 1178–1182. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0448
- Wong, V., Taoka, S., Kuartei, S., Demei, Y., & Soaladaob, F. (2004). Cancer in the Republic of Palau (Belau). Pacific Health Dialog, 11, 64–69. Retrived from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7486092_Cancer_in_the_Republic_of_Palau_Belau
- World Health Organization (2007). The optimal mix of services for mental health. Mental Health Policy, Planning, & Service Development Information Sheet, Sheet2. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/services/2_Optimal%20Mix%20of%20Services_Infosheet.pdf
- Wu, C. H., Erickson, S. R., Piette, J. D., & Balkrishnan, R. (2012). Mental health resource utilization and health care costs associated with race and comorbid anxiety among Medicaid enrollees with major depressive disorder. Journal of the National Medical Association, 104(1-2), 78–88. doi:10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30121-8