How do people with eating disorders experience the stigma associated with their condition? A mixed-methods systematic review

References

• Ali, K., Farrer, L., Fassnacht, D. B., Gulliver, A., Bauer, S., & Griffiths, K. M. (2017). Perceived barriers and facilitators towards help-seeking for eating disorders: A systematic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(1), 9–21. doi:10.1002/eat.22598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angermeyer, M. C., & Dietrich, S. (2006). Public beliefs about and attitudes towards people with mental illness: A review of population studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(3), 163–179. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00699.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A. J., Wales, J., & Nielsen, S. (2011). Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(7), 724–731. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, A. E., Hadley Arrindell, A., Perloe, A., Fay, K., & Striegel-Moore, R. H. (2010). A qualitative study of perceived social barriers to care for eating disorders: Perspectives from ethnically diverse health care consumers. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(7), 633–647. doi:10.1002/eat.20755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, K., Rieger, E., & Hirsch, J. K. (2019). Eating disorder symptoms and proneness in gay men, lesbian women, and transgender and non-conforming adults: Comparative levels and a proposed mediational model. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2692. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, M. L., Bernard, D., Quine, S., Kang, M. S., Usherwood, T., Alperstein, G., & Bennett, D. L. (2004). Access to health care among Australian adolescents young people’s perspectives and their sociodemographic distribution. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34(1), 97–103. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, P. (2000). Stigma of mental illness and ways of diminishing it. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 6(1), 65–72. doi:10.1192/apt.6.1.65
   Google Scholar
• Casilli, A. A., Tubaro, P., & Araya, P. (2012). Ten years of Ana: Lessons from a transdisciplinary body of literature on online pro-eating disorder websites. Social Science Information, 51(1), 120–139. doi:10.1177/0539018411425880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, P. F., & Bazarova, N. N. (2016). Managing stigma: Disclosure-response communication patterns in pro-anorexic websites. Health Communication, 31(2), 217–229. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.946218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, A. E., Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2003). Mental illness stigma and care seeking. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(5), 339–341. doi:10.1097/01.NMD.0000066157.47101.22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association, 1(1), 16–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crisafulli, M. A., Von Holle, A., & Bulik, C. M. (2008). Attitudes towards anorexia nervosa: The impact of framing on blame and stigma. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41(4), 333–339. doi:10.1002/eat.20507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp, A. H. (2005). Stigmatization of and discrimination against people with eating disorders including a report of two nationwide surveys. European Eating Disorders Review, 13(3), 147–152. doi:10.1002/erv.648
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp, A. H., Gelder, M. G., Rix, S., Meltzer, H. I., & Rowlands, O. J. (2000). Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(1), 4–7. doi:10.1192/bjp.177.1.4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. (2017). Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative Checklist. Retrieved May 4, 2017, from http://www.casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists
   Google Scholar
• Currin, L., Waller, G., & Schmidt, U. (2009). Primary care physicians’ knowledge of and attitudes toward the eating disorders: Do they affect clinical actions? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42(5), 453–458. doi:10.1002/eat.20636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitropoulos, G., Freeman, V. E., Bellai, K., & Olmsted, M. (2013). Inpatients with severe anorexia nervosa and their siblings: Non-shared experiences and family functioning. European Eating Disorders Review, 21(4), 284–293. doi:10.1002/erv.2230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitropoulos, G., Freeman, V. E., Muskat, S., Domingo, A., & McCallum, L. (2016). “You don’t have anorexia, you just want to look like a celebrity”: Perceived stigma in individuals with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Mental Health, 25(1), 47–54. doi:10.3109/09638237.2015.1101422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitropoulos, G., McCallum, L., Colasanto, M., Freeman, V. E., & Gadalla, T. (2016). The effects of stigma on recovery attitudes in people with anorexia nervosa in intensive treatment. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(5), 370. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon-Woods, M., & Fitzpatrick, R. (2001). Qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMJ, 323(7316), 765–766. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7316.765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doley, J. R., Hart, L. M., Stukas, A. A., Petrovic, K., Bouguettaya, A., & Paxton, S. J. (2017). Interventions to reduce the stigma of eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(3), 210–230. doi:10.1002/eat.22691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durso, L. E., Latner, J. D., White, M. A., Masheb, R. M., Blomquist, K. K., Morgan, P. T., & Grilo, C. M. (2012). Internalized weight bias in obese patients with binge eating disorder: Associations with eating disturbances and psychological functioning. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45(3), 423–427. doi:10.1002/eat.20933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easter, M. M. (2012). Not all my fault: Genetics, stigma, and personal responsibility for women with eating disorders. Social Science & Medicine, 75(8), 1408–1416. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebneter, D. S., & Latner, J. D. (2013). Stigmatizing attitudes differ across mental health disorders: A comparison of stigma across eating disorders, obesity, and major depressive disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(4), 281–285. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318288e23f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, E. J., Hay, P. J., Mond, J., Paxton, S. J., Quirk, F., Rodgers, B., … Sawoniewska, M. A. (2011). Barriers to help-seeking in young women with eating disorders: A qualitative exploration in a longitudinal community survey. Eating Disorders, 19(3), 270–285. doi:10.1080/10640266.2011.566152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farrell, N. R., Lee, A. A., & Deacon, B. J. (2015). Biological or psychological? Effects of eating disorder psychoeducation on self-blame and recovery expectations among symptomatic individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 74, 32–37. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of a spoiled identity. New York, NY: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Gough, D. (2015). Qualitative and mixed methods in systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 181. doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0151-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffiths, S., Mond, J. M., Li, Z., Gunatilake, S., Murray, S. B., Sheffield, J., & Touyz, S. (2015). Self-stigma of seeking treatment and being male predict an increased likelihood of having an undiagnosed eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(6), 775–778. doi:10.1002/eat.22413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, S., Mond, J. M., Murray, S. B., & Touyz, S. (2015). The prevalence and adverse associations of stigmatization in people with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(6), 767–774. doi:10.1002/eat.22353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, S., Mond, J. M., Murray, S. B., Thornton, C., & Touyz, S. (2015). Stigma resistance in eating disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(2), 279–287. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0923-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas, S. M., Irr, M. E., Jennings, N. A., & Wagner, L. M. (2011). Communicating thin: A grounded model of Online Negative Enabling Support Groups in the pro-anorexia movement. New Media & Society, 13(1), 40–57. doi:10.1177/1461444810363910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackler, A. H., Vogel, D. L., & Wade, N. G. (2010). Attitudes toward seeking professional help for an eating disorder: The role of stigma and anticipated outcomes. Journal of Counseling & Development, 88(4), 424–431. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00042.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, N., & Kvaale, E. P. (2015). Biogenetic explanations of mental disorder: The mixed-blessings model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(5), 399–404. doi:10.1177/0963721415588082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawker, S., Payne, S., Kerr, C., Hardey, M., & Powell, J. (2002). Appraising the evidence: Reviewing disparate data systematically. Qualitative Health Research, 12(9), 1284–1299. doi:10.1177/1049732302238251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepworth, N., & Paxton, S. J. (2007). Pathways to help-seeking in bulimia nervosa and binge eating problems: A concept mapping approach. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(6), 493–504. doi:10.1002/eat.20402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S. (2011). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0. Retrieved from The Cochrane Collaboration website: http://handbook.cochrane.org/
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, M. K., Bulik, C. M., & Bardone‐Cone, A. M. (2016). Factors associated with self-identification of an eating disorder history among Latinas meeting criteria for past or current eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(11), 1032–1035. doi:10.1002/eat.22583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ison, J., & Kent, S. (2010). Social identity in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 18(6), 475–485. doi:10.1002/erv.1001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jetten, J., Haslam, S. A., Cruwys, T., Greenaway, K. H., Haslam, C., & Steffens, N. K. (2017). Advancing the social identity approach to health and well‐being: Progressing the social cure research agenda. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(7), 789. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. A., Haycraft, E., Bouman, W. P., Brewin, N., Claes, L., & Arcelus, J. (2018). Risk factors for eating disorder psychopathology within the treatment seeking transgender population: The role of cross-sex hormone treatment. European Eating Disorders Review, 26(2), 120–128. doi:10.1002/erv.2576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., … Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000100. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363–385. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood, C., Munn, Z., & Porritt, K. (2015). Qualitative research synthesis: Methodological guidance for systematic reviewers utilizing meta-aggregation. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 13(3), 179–187. doi:10.1097/XEB.0000000000000062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier, A., Ernst, J.-P., Müller, S., Gross, D., Zepf, F. D., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Hagenah, U. (2014). Self-perceived stigmatization in female patients with anorexia nervosa–results from an explorative retrospective pilot study of adolescents. Psychopathology, 47(2), 127–132. doi:10.1159/000350505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, N., & Parsons, H. (2016). Everyone here wants everyone else to get better: The role of social identity in eating disorder recovery. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(4), 662–680. doi:10.1111/bjso.12161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNicholas, F., O’Connor, C., O’Hara, L., & McNamara, N. (2016). Stigma and treatment of eating disorders in Ireland: Healthcare professionals’ knowledge and attitudes. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 33(1), 21–31. doi:10.1017/ipm.2015.24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchison, D., Mond, J., Slewa-Younan, S., & Hay, P. (2013). The prevalence and impact of eating disorder behaviours in Australian men. Journal of Eating Disorders, 1(S1), O23. doi:10.1186/2050-2974-1-S1-O23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mond, J. M., Hay, P. J., Paxton, S. J., Rodgers, B., Darby, A., Nillson, J., … Owen, C. (2010). Eating disorders “mental health literacy” in low risk, high risk and symptomatic women: Implications for health promotion programs. Eating Disorders, 18(4), 267–285. doi:10.1080/10640266.2010.490115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrison, M. A., Morrison, T. G., & Sager, C.-L. (2004). Does body satisfaction differ between gay men and lesbian women and heterosexual men and women? A meta-analytic review. Body Image, 1(2), 127–138. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.01.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Norris, M. L., Boydell, K. M., Pinhas, L., & Katzman, D. K. (2006). Ana and the Internet: A review of pro-anorexia websites. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(6), 443–447. doi:10.1002/eat.20305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, C., McNamara, N., O’Hara, L., & McNicholas, F. (2016). Eating disorder literacy and stigmatising attitudes towards anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder among adolescents. Advances in Eating Disorders, 4(2), 125–140. doi:10.1080/21662630.2015.1129635
   Google Scholar
• Pawson, R., Greenhalgh, T., Harvey, G., & Walshe, K. (2005). Realist review – A new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 10(1_suppl), 21–34. doi:10.1258/1355819054308530
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearson, A., White, H., Bath-Hextall, F., Salmond, S., Apostolo, J., & Kirkpatrick, P. (2015). A mixed-methods approach to systematic reviews. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 13(3), 121–131. doi:10.1097/XEB.0000000000000052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, S., Schmidt, U., Eisler, I., Treasure, J., Yi, I., Winn, S., … Berelowitz, M. (2005). Why do adolescents with bulimia nervosa choose not to involve their parents in treatment? European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 14(7), 376–385. doi:10.1007/s00787-005-0485-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pescosolido, B. A., Martin, J. K., Lang, A., & Olafsdottir, S. (2008). Rethinking theoretical approaches to stigma: A Framework Integrating Normative Influences on Stigma (FINIS). Social Science & Medicine, 67(3), 431–440. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersen, G., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Ytterhus, B. (2008). The “Double Life” of Bulimia: Patients’ experiences in daily life interactions. Eating Disorders, 16(3), 204–211. doi:10.1080/10640260802016696
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puhl, R. M., & Latner, J. D. (2007). Stigma, obesity, and the health of the nation’s children. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 557–580. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhl, R. M., & Suh, Y. (2015). Stigma and eating and weight disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(3), 10. doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0552-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rance, N., Clarke, V., & Moller, N. (2017). The anorexia nervosa experience: Shame, Solitude and Salvation. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 17(2), 127–136. doi:10.1002/capr.12097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes-Rodríguez, M. L., Ramírez, J., Davis, K., Patrice, K., & Bulik, C. M. (2013). Exploring barriers and facilitators in eating disorders treatment among Latinas in the United States. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 1(2), 112–131. doi:10.1037/a0032318
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rich, E. (2006). Anorexic dis(connection): Managing anorexia as an illness and an identity. Sociology of Health and Illness, 28(3), 284–305. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2006.00493.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roehrig, J. P., & McLean, C. P. (2010). A comparison of stigma toward eating disorders versus depression. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(7), 671–674. doi:10.1002/eat.20760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P. W. (2005). Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. European Psychiatry, 20(8), 529–539. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, C. J., & Keel, P. K. (2002). Homosexuality as a specific risk factor for eating disorders in men. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(3), 300–306. doi:10.1002/eat.10036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skårderud, F. (2007). Shame and pride in anorexia nervosa: A qualitative descriptive study. European Eating Disorders Review, 15(2), 81–97. doi:10.1002/erv.774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart, L., & Wegner, D. M. (1999). Covering up what can’t be seen: Concealable stigma and mental control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(3), 474–486. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, M.-C., Keel, P. K., & Schiavo, R. S. (2006). Stigmatization of anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(4), 320–325. doi:10.1002/eat.20262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, M.-C., Schiavo, R. S., Herzog, D. B., & Franko, D. L. (2008). Stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination of women with anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 16(4), 311–318. doi:10.1002/erv.849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testa, R. J., Rider, G. N., Haug, N. A., & Balsam, K. F. (2017). Gender confirming medical interventions and eating disorder symptoms among transgender individuals. Health Psychology, 36(10), 927–936. doi:10.1037/hea0000497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8(1), 45. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-8-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S., & Lloyd, C. (2011). Issues experienced by service users with an eating disorder: A qualitative investigation. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 18(10), 542–549. doi:10.12968/ijtr.2011.18.10.542
   Google Scholar
• Whitley, R., & Crawford, M. (2005). Qualitative research in psychiatry. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(2), 108–114. doi:10.1177/070674370505000206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooldridge, T., Mok, C., & Chiu, S. (2014). Content analysis of male participation in pro-eating disorder web sites. Eating Disorders, 22(2), 97–110. doi:10.1080/10640266.2013.864891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeshua-Katz, D. (2015). Online stigma resistance in the pro-ana community. Qualitative Health Research, 25(10), 1347–1358. doi:10.1177/1049732315570123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeshua-Katz, D., & Martins, N. (2013). Communicating stigma: The pro-ana paradox. Health Communication, 28(5), 499–508. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.699889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwickert, K., & Rieger, E. (2013). Stigmatizing attitudes towards individuals with anorexia nervosa: An investigation of attribution theory. Journal of Eating Disorders, 1(1), 5. doi:10.1186/2050-2974-1-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar