Hostile attribution bias in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: narrative review of the literature and persisting questions

References

• Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Whitehouse, W. G., Hogan, M. E., Tashman, N. A., Steinberg, D. L., Rose, D. T., & Donovan, P. (1999). Depressogenic cognitive styles: Predictive validity, information processing and personality characteristics, and developmental origins. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(6), 503–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00157-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, S. K., Kang, J. I., Park, J. Y., Kim, K. R., Lee, S. Y., & Lee, E. (2010). Attribution bias in ultra-high risk for psychosis and first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 118(1–3), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentall, R. P., Kinderman, P., & Kaney, S. (1994). The self, attributional processes and abnormal beliefs: Towards a model of persecutory delusions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32(3), 331–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)90131-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Zeev, D., Brian, R., Wang, R., Wang, W., Campbell, A. T., Aung, M. S. H., Merrill, M., Tseng, V. W. S., Choudhury, T., Hauser, M., Kane, J. M., & Scherer, E. A. (2017). CrossCheck: Integrating self-report, behavioral sensing, and smartphone use to identify digital indicators of psychotic relapse. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 40(3), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bora, E., Yucel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2009). Theory of mind impairment in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 109(1–3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.12.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton, H., O'Rourke, S., Tansey, L., & Hutton, P. (2017). Social cognition and paranoia in forensic inpatients with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. Schizophrenia Research, 184, 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Zeev, D., Ellington, K., Swendsen, J., & Granholm, E. (2011). Examining a cognitive model of persecutory ideation in the daily life of people with schizophrenia: A computerized experience sampling study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(6), 1248–1256. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Zeev, D., Granholm, E., & Cafri, G. (2009). Symptoms of depression and anxiety mediate the relationship between self-esteem and paranoia. Schizophrenia Research, 115(2-3), 377–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck, B., Healey, K. M., Gagen, E. C., Roberts, D. L., & Penn, D. L. (2016). Social cognition in schizophrenia; Factor structure, clinical and functional correlates. Journal of Mental Health, 25(4), 330–337. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2015.1124397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck, B., Iwanski, C., Healey, K. M., Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., Kern, R. S., Lee, J., Marder, S. R., Reise, S. P., & Penn, D. L. (2017). Improving measurement of attributional style in schizophrenia; a psychometric evaluation of the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 89, 48–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck, B., Pinkham, A. E., Harvey, P. D., & Penn, D. L. (2016). Revisiting the validity of measures of social cognitive bias in schizophrenia: Additional results from the Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation (SCOPE) study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, H., Lee, S. K., Kim, K. R., Lee, S. Y., Park, J. Y., Kim, E. J., Kang, J. I., Lee, E., & An, S. K. (2009). Development of Korean version of the ambiguous intentions hostility questionnaire (K-AIHQ). Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 48(1), 29–35.
   Google Scholar
• Combs, D. R., Adams, S. D., Penn, D. L., Roberts, D., Tiegreen, J., & Stem, P. (2007). Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) for inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Preliminary findings. Schizophrenia Research, 91(1–3), 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combs, D. R., Finn, J. A., Wohlfahrt, W., Penn, D. L., & Basso, M. R. (2013). Social cognition and social functioning in nonclinical paranoia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 18(6), 531–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2013.766595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combs, D. R., Penn, D. L., Chadwick, P., Trower, P., Michael, C. O., & Basso, M. R. (2007). Subtypes of paranoia in a nonclinical sample. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12(6), 537–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800701707306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Combs, D. R., Penn, D. L., Michael, C. O., Basso, M. R., Wiedeman, R., Siebenmorgan, M., Tiegreen, J., & Chapman, D. (2009). Perceptions of hostility by persons with and without persecutory delusions. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 14(1), 30–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800902732970
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Combs, D. R., Penn, D. L., Wicher, M., & Waldheter, E. (2007). The Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ): A new measure for evaluating hostile social-cognitive biases in paranoia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12(2), 128–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800600787854
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coccaro, E. F., Noblett, K. L., & McCloskey, M. S. (2009). Attributional and emotional responses to socially ambiguous cues: Validation of a new assessment of social/emotional information processing in healthy adults and impulsive aggressive patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(10), 915–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115(1), 74–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darrell-Berry, H., Bucci, S., Palmier-Claus, J., Emsley, R., Drake, R., & Berry, K. (2017). Predictors and mediators of trait anger across the psychosis continuum: The role of attachment style, paranoia and social cognition. Psychiatry Research, 249, 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, C. A., Lesser, R., Parente, L. T., & Fiszdon, J. M. (2018). Psychometrics of social cognitive measures for psychosis treatment research. Schizophrenia Research, 193, 51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, R., & Bond, A. J. (2012). Narcissism, self-concept clarity and aggressive cognitive bias amongst mentally disordered offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 23(5–6), 620–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2012.715180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fett, A. K. J., Viechtbauer, W., Dominguez, M. D. G., Penn, D. L., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2011). The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, D., & Garety, P. (2014). Advances in understanding and treating persecutory delusions: A review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(8), 1179–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenthøj, L. B., Fagerlund, B., Hjorthøj, C., Jepsen, J. R., Bak, N., Kristensen, T. D., Wenneberg, C., Krakauer, K., Roberts, D. L., & Nordentoft, M. (2016). Social cognition in patients at ultra-high risk for psychosis: What is the relation to social skills and functioning? Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 5, 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2016.06.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green, M. F., & Leitman, D. I. (2007). Social cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(4), 670–672. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, M. F., Penn, D. L., Bentall, R., Carpenter, W. T., Gaebel, W., Gur, R. C., Kring, A. M., Park, S., Silverstein, S. M., & Heinssen, R. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: An NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6), 1211–1220. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasson-Ohayon, I., Mashiach-Eizenberg, M., Arnon-Ribenfeld, N., Kravetz, S., & Roe, D. (2017). Neuro-cognition and social cognition elements of social functioning and social quality of life. Psychiatry Research, 258, 538–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healey, K. M., Combs, D. R., Gibson, C. M., Keefe, R. S., Roberts, D. L., & Penn, D. L. (2015). Observable social cognition – a rating scale: An interview-based assessment for schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 20(3), 198–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooker, C. I., Tully, L. M., Verosky, S. C., Fisher, M., Holland, C., & Vinogradov, S. (2011). Can I trust you? Negative affective priming influences social judgments in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(1), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon, I. H., Kim, K. R., Kim, H. H., Park, J. Y., Lee, M., Jo, H. H., Koo, S. J., Jeong, Y. J., Song, Y. Y., Kang, J. I., Lee, S. Y., Lee, E., & An, S. K. (2013). Attributional style in healthy persons: Its association with theory of mind skills. Psychiatry Investigation, 10(1), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2013.10.1.34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, M., Bang, M., Lee, S. Y., Lee, E., Yoo, S. W., & An, S. K. (2018). Coping styles in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: Associations with cognitive appraisals. Psychiatry Research, 264, 162–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanie, A., Hagiya, K., Ashida, S., Pu, S., Kaneko, K., Mogami, T., Oshima, S., Motoya, M., Niwa, S., Inagaki, A., Ikebuchi, E., Kikuchi, A., Yamasaki, S., Iwata, K., Roberts, D. L., & Nakagome, K. (2014). New instrument for measuring multiple domains of social cognition: Construct validity of the Social Cognition Screening Questionnaire (Japanese version). Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 68(9), 701–711. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler, C. G., Walker, J. B., Martin, E. A., Healey, K. M., & Moberg, P. J. (2010). Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(5), 1009–1019. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz, M. M., Gagen, E., Rocha, N. B., Machado, S., & Penn, D. L. (2016). Comprehensive treatments for social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: A critical review and effect-size analysis of controlled studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz, M. M., & Richardson, C. L. (2012). Social cognitive training for schizophrenia: A meta-analytic investigation of controlled research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(5), 1092–1104. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahera, G., Herrera, S., Reinares, M., Benito, A., Rullas, M., González-Cases, J., & Vieta, E. (2015). Hostile attributions in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia contribute to poor social functioning. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 131(6), 472–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lataster, T., Valmaggia, L., Lardinois, M., Van Os, J., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2013). Increased stress reactivity: A mechanism specifically associated with the positive symptoms of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 43(7), 1389–1400. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712002279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, P. M., & Siu, A. M. (2017). Assessing social cognition of Persons with schizophrenia in a Chinese population: A pilot study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 302. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig, K. A., Pinkham, A. E., Harvey, P. D., Kelsven, S., & Penn, D. L. (2017). Social cognition psychometric evaluation (SCOPE) in people with early psychosis: A preliminary study. Schizophrenia Research, 190, 136–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyon, H. M., Kaney, S., & Bentall, R. P. (1994). The defensive function of persecutory delusions. Evidence from attribution tasks. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 164(5), 637–646. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.5.637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majadas, S., Olivares, J., Galan, J., & Diez, T. (2012). Prevalence of depression and its relationship with other clinical characteristics in a sample of patients with stable schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(2), 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancuso, F., Horan, W. P., Kern, R. S., & Green, M. F. (2011). Social cognition in psychosis: Multidimensional structure, clinical correlates, and relationship with functional outcome. Schizophrenia Research, 125(2–3), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNiel, D. E., Eisner, J. P., & Binder, R. L. (2003). The relationship between aggressive attributional style and violence by psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 399–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz, S., Burnette, P., Sperber, S., Köther, U., Hagemann-Goebel, M., Hartmann, M., & Lincoln, T. M. (2011). Elucidating the black box from stress to paranoia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(6), 1311–1317. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz, S., Köther, U., Hartmann, M., & Lincoln, T. M. (2015). Stress is a bad advisor. Stress primes poor decision making in deluded psychotic patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 265(6), 461–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-015-0585-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, S. C., & Cohen, A. S. (2014). The moderating effects of perceived intentionality: Exploring the relationships between ideas of reference, paranoia and social anxiety in schizotypy. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 19(6), 527–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2014.931839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, B. K. (2001). Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn, D. L., Corrigan, P. W., Bentall, R. P., Racenstein, J., & Newman, L. (1997). Social cognition in schizophrenia. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 114–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, E. R., Moritz, S., Schwannauer, M., Wiseman, Z., Greenwood, K. E., Scott, J., Beck, A. T., Donaldson, C., Hagen, R., Ross, K., Veckenstedt, R., Ison, R., Williams, S., Kuipers, E., & Garety, P. A. (2014). Cognitive Biases Questionnaire for Psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(2), 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyroux, E., Strickland, B., Tapiero, I., & Franck, N. (2014). The intentionality bias in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 219(3), 426–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkham, A. E. (2014). Social cognition in schizophrenia. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(Suppl. 2), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13065su1.04
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., Green, M. F., Buck, B., Healey, K., & Harvey, P. D. (2014). The social cognition psychometric evaluation study: Results of the expert survey and RAND panel. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(4), 813–823. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt081
   Google Scholar
• Pinkham, A. E., Harvey, P. D., & Penn, D. L. (2016). Paranoid individuals with schizophrenia show greater social cognitive bias and worse social functioning than non-paranoid individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 3, 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2015.11.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinkham, A. E., Harvey, P. D., & Penn, D. L. (2018). Social cognition psychometric evaluation: Results of the final validation study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(4), 737–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., Green, M. F., & Harvey, P. D. (2016). Social cognition psychometric evaluation: Results of the initial psychometric study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(2), 494–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reininghaus, U., Depp, C. A., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2016). Ecological interventionist causal models in psychosis: Targeting psychological mechanisms in daily life. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(2), 264–269. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reininghaus, U., Kempton, M. J., Valmaggia, L., Craig, T. K. J., Garety, P., Onyejiaka, A., Gayer-Anderson, C., So, S. H., Hubbard, K., Beards, S., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C., Mondelli, V., Fisher, H. L., Mills, J. G., Viechtbauer, W., McGuire, P., van Os, J., Murray, R. M., … Morgan, C. (2016). Stress sensitivity, aberrant salience, and threat anticipation in early psychosis: An experience sampling study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(3), 712–722. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, D. L., Fiszdon, J., & Tek, C. (2011). Initial validity of the Social Cognition Screening Questionnaire (SCSQ). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(S1), 280.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, D., & Pinkham, A. E. (2013). The future of social cognition in schizophrenia: Implications from the normative literature. In: D. L. Penn & D. Roberts (Eds.), Social cognition in schizophrenia. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Savla, G. N., Vella, L., Armstrong, C. C., Penn, D. L., & Twamley, E. W. (2013). Deficits in domains of social cognition in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39(5), 979–992. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S. J., Mueller, D. R., & Roder, V. (2011). Social cognition as a mediator variable between neurocognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Empirical review and new results by structural equation modeling. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(suppl 2), S41–S54. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergi, M., Green, M., Widmark, C., Reist, C., Erhart, S., Braff, D., Kee, K. S., Marder, S. R., & Mintz, J. (2007). Social cognition and neurocognition: Effects of risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), 1585–1592. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06091515
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergi, M. J., Rassovsky, Y., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Green, M. F. (2006). Social perception as a mediator of the influence of early visual processing on functional status in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(3), 448–454. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartz, M. S., Perkins, D. O., Stroup, T. S., Davis, S. M., Capuano, G., Rosenheck, R. A., Reimherr, F., McGee, M. F., Keefe, R. S. E., McEvoy, J. P., Hsiao, J. K., & Lieberman, J. A., & for the CATIE Investigators. (2007). Effects of antipsychotic medications on psychosocial functioning in patients with chronic schizophrenia: Findings from the NIMH CATIE study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(3), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thewissen, V., Bentall, R. P., Lecomte, T., van Os, J., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2008). Fluctuations in self-esteem and paranoia in the context of daily life. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(1), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.117.1.143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thewissen, V., Bentall, R. P., Oorschot, M., À Campo, J., van Lierop, T., van Os, J., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2011). Emotions, self-esteem, and paranoid episodes: An experience sampling study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(2), 178–195. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466510X508677
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Hooren, S., Versmissen, D., Janssen, I., Myin-Germeys, I., À Campo, J., Mengelers, R., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2008). Social cognition and neurocognition as independent domains in psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 103(1–3), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.02.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vauth, R., Rüsch, N., Wirtz, M., & Corrigan, P. W. (2004). Does social cognition influence the relation between neurocognitive deficits and vocational functioning in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Research, 128(2), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2004.05.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldheter, E. J., Jones, N. T., Johnson, E. R., & Penn, D. L. (2005). Utility of social cognition and insight in the prediction of inpatient violence among individuals with a severe mental illness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(9), 609–618. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000177788.25357.de
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T., & Garety, P. A. (2019). Fast and slow thinking in distressing delusions: A review of the literature and implications for targeted therapy. Schizophrenia Research, 203, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassink, T. H., Flaum, M., Nopoulos, P., & Andreasen, N. C. (1999). Prevalence of depressive symptoms early in the course of schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(2), 315–316. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.2.315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaytseva, Y., Burova, V., Garakh, Z., & Gurovich, I. Y. (2013). Attributional style in first episode of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders with and without paranoid ideation. Psychiatria Danubina, 25(2), 329–331.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar