‘When you have the adrenalin pumping, it kind of flushes out any negative emotions’: a qualitative exploration of the benefits of playing football for people with mental health difficulties

References

• Baldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Bandelow, B., Bond, A., Davidson, J. R. T., den Boer, J. A., Fineberg, N. A., Knapp, M., Scott, J., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2005). Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: Recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 19(6), 567–596. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881105059253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglia, G., Alesi, M., Inguglia, M., Roccella, M., Caramazza, G., Bellafiore, M., & Palma, A. (2013). Soccer practice as an add-on treatment in the management of individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 595. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S44066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Burton, N. W., Pakenham, K. I., & Brown, W. J. (2010). Are psychologists willing and able to promote physical activity as part of psychological treatment? International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17(4), 287–297. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-010-9087-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carless, D., & Douglas, K. (2004). A golf programme for people with severe and enduring mental health problems. Journal of Public Mental Health, 3(4), 26–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/17465729200400026
   Google Scholar
• Carless, D., & Douglas, K. (2008). Narrative, identity and mental health: How men with serious mental illness re-story their lives through sport and exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(5), 576–594. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correll, C. U., Solmi, M., Veronese, N., Bortolato, B., Rosson, S., Santonastaso, P., Thapa-Chhetri, N., Fornaro, M., Gallicchio, D., Collantoni, E., Pigato, G., Favaro, A., Monaco, F., Kohler, C., Vancampfort, D., Ward, P. B., Gaughran, F., Carvalho, A. F., & Stubbs, B. (2017). Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: A large-scale meta-analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 163–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crone, D., & Guy, H. (2008). ‘I know it is only exercise, but to me it is something that keeps me going’: A qualitative approach to understanding mental health service users' experiences of sports therapy. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 17(3), 197–207. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2008.00529.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran, K., Drust, B., Murphy, R., Pringle, A., & Richardson, D. (2016). The challenge and impact of engaging hard-to-reach populations in regular physical activity and health behaviours: An examination of an English Premier League 'Football in the Community' men's health programme. Public Health, 135, 14–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czosnek, L., Lederman, O., Cormie, P., Zopf, E., Stubbs, B., & Rosenbaum, S. (2019). Health benefits, safety and cost of physical activity interventions for mental health conditions: A meta-review to inform translation efforts. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 16(2019), 140–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2018.11.001
   Google Scholar
• Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 98–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlandson, D. A., Harris, E. L., Skipper, B. L., & Allen, S. D. (1993). Doing naturalistic inquiry: A guide to methods. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Faulkner, G., & Sparkes, A. (1999). Exercise as therapy for schizophrenia: An ethnographic study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(1), 52–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.21.1.52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107
   Google Scholar
• Friedrich, B., & Mason, O. J. (2017). “What is the score?” A review of football-based public mental health interventions. Journal of Public Mental Health, 16(4), 144–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMH-03-2017-0011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagell, A. (2016). The connections between young people’s mental health and sport participation: Scoping the evidence. Association for Young People’s Health.
   Google Scholar
• Hassmen, P., Koivula, N., & Uutela, A. (2000). Physical exercise and psychological well-being: A population study in Finland. Preventive Medicine, 30(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1999.0597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heun, R., & Pringle, A. (2018). Football does not improve mental health: A systematic review on football and mental health disorders. Global Psychiatry, 1(1), 25–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/gp-2018-0001
   Google Scholar
• Holley, J., Crone, D., Tyson, P., & Lovell, G. (2011). The effects of physical activity on psychological well‐being for those with schizophrenia: A systematic review. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(1), 84–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/014466510X496220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearns, M., Muldoon, O. T., Msetfi, R. M., & Surgenor, P. W. (2019). The impact of community-based mental health service provision on stigma and attitudes towards professional help-seeking. Journal of Mental Health (Abingdon, England), 28(3), 289–287. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1521928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapen, J., Vancampfort, D., Moriën, Y., & Marchal, Y. (2015). Exercise therapy improves both mental and physical health in patients with major depression. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(16), 1490–1495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2014.972579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange, K. W. (2018). Diet, exercise, and mental disorders – Public health challenges of the future. Movement and Nutrition in Health and Disease, 2, 39–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5283/mnhd.12
   Google Scholar
• Lawlor, D. A., & Hopker, S. W. (2001). The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal, 322(7289), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7289.763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linwall, M., & Fox, K. R. (2014). Self-esteem and self-perceptions in sport and exercise. In A. G. Papaioannou & D. Hackfort (Eds.), Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology: Global perspective and fundamental concepts (pp. 58–72). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lozano-Sufrategui, L., Pringle, A., Zwolinsky, S., & Drew, K. J. (2019). Professional football clubs’ involvement in health promotion in Spain: An audit of current practices. Health Promotion International. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz097
   Google Scholar
• Martinsen, E. W. (2008). Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 62(Suppl. 47), 25–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480802315640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, O. J., & Holt, R. (2012). Mental health and physical activity interventions: A review of the qualitative literature. Journal of Mental Health, 21(3), 274–284. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2011.648344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElroy, P., Evans, P., & Pringle, A. (2008). Sick as a parrot or over the moon: An evaluation of the impact of playing regular matches in a football league on mental health service users. Practice Development in Health Care, 7(1), 40–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pdh.245
   Google Scholar
• McKeown, M., Roy, A., & Spandler, H. (2015). ‘You'll never walk alone’: Supportive social relations in a football and mental health project. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 24(4), 360–369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J., & Schuch, F., B. (2018). Exercise in the prevention and treatment of depression. In B. Stubbs & S. Rosenbaum (Eds.), Exercise based interventions for mental illness: Physical activity as part of clinical treatment (pp. 1–18). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mittleman, J., Iuchtman, A., & Yatzker, U. (2018). Basketball as psycho-social therapy for adolescents in psychiatric hospitalization. Palaestra, 32(3), 28–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan, P. E., & Gorman, J. M. (2015). Challenges to implementing evidence based treatments. In P. E. Nathan & J. M. Gorman (Eds.), A guide to treatments that work (pp. 1–22). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, A. G., & Bailey, A. P. (2018). Exercise for adolescence and young people with mental illness. In B. Stubbs & S. Rosenbaum (Eds.), Exercise-based interventions for mental illness: Physical activity as part of clinical treatment (pp. 150–164). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pascoe, M. C., & Parker, A. G. (2019). Physical activity and exercise as a universal depression prevention in young people: A narrative review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(4), 733–737. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: A review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18(2), 189–193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00001504-200503000-00013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimer, J., Dwan, K., Lawlor, D. A., Greig, C. A., McMurdo, M., Morley, W., & Mead, G. E. (2012). Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (7), CD004366. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub5
   Google Scholar
• Sinyor, M., Schaffer, A., & Levitt, A. (2010). The sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR* D) trial: A review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(3), 126–135. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371005500303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soucy, I., Provencher, M. D., Fortier, M., & McFadden, T. (2019). Secondary outcomes of the guided self-help behavioral activation and physical activity for depression trial. Journal of Mental Health, 28(4), 410–419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1466031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soundy, A., Freeman, P., Stubbs, B., Probst, M., Coffee, P., & Vancampfort, D. (2014). The transcending benefits of physical activity for individuals with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-ethnography. Psychiatry Research, 220(1–2), 11–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soundy, A., Freeman, P., Stubbs, B., Probst, M., Roskell, C., & Vancampfort, D. (2015). Investigating the benefits of sport participation for individuals with schizophrenia: A systematic review. Advances in Psychiatry, 2015(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/261642
   Google Scholar
• Spandler, H., McKeown, M., Roy, A., & Hurley, M. (2013). Football metaphor and mental well-being: An evaluation of the It's a Goal! programme. Journal of Mental Health (Abingdon, England), 22(6), 544–554. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2013.819420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stonerock, G. L., Hoffman, B. M., Smith, P. J., & Blumenthal, J. A. (2015). Exercise as treatment for anxiety: Systematic review and analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(4), 542–556. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-014-9685-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., Veronese, N., Solmi, M., Brand, S., Cordes, J., Malchow, B., Gerber, M., Schmitt, A., Correll, C. U., De Hert, M., Gaughran, F., Schneider, F., Kinnafick, F., Falkai, P., Möller, H.-J., & Kahl, K. G. (2018). EPA guidance on physical activity as a treatment for severe mental illness: A meta-review of the evidence and Position Statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the International Organization of Physical Therapists in Mental Health (IOPTMH). European Psychiatry, 54, 124–144. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valois, R. F., Umstattd, M. R., Zullig, K. J., & Paxton, R. J. (2008). Physical activity behaviors and emotional self‐efficacy: Is there a relationship for adolescents? Journal of School Health, 78(6), 321–327. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00309.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar