Cluster randomised controlled trial of a problem-solving, Story-bridge mental health literacy programme for improving Ghanaian community leaders’ knowledge of depression

References

• Acharya, B., Maru, D., Schwarz, R., Citrin, D., Tenpa, J., Hirachan, S., Basnet, M., Thapa, P., Swar, S., Halliday, S., Kohrt, B., Luitel, N. P., Hung, E., Gauchan, B., Pokharel, R., & Ekstrand, M. (2017). Partnerships in mental healthcare service delivery in low-resource settings: Developing an innovative network in rural Nepal. Globalization and Health, 13(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-016-0226-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aluh, D. O., Anyachebelu, O. C., Anosike, C., & Anizoba, E. L. (2018). Mental health literacy: What do Nigerian adolescents know about depression? International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 12(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-018-0186-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®) (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ashoorian, D., Albrecht, K.-L., Baxter, C., Giftakis, E., Clifford, R., Greenwell-Barnden, J., & Wylde, T. (2019). Evaluation of mental health first aid skills in an Australian university population. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(5), 1121–1128. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asuako, J. (2017). Women’s political participation—A catalyst for gender equality and women empowerment in Ghana. UNDP Ghana. Our perspective. http://www.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/ourperspective/ourperspectivearticles/2017/01/23/women-s-political-participation-a-catalyst-for-gender-equality-and-women-empowerment-in-ghana.html
   Google Scholar
• Atilola, O. (2015). Level of community mental health literacy in sub-Saharan Africa: Current studies are limited in number, scope, spread, and cognizance of cultural nuances. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 69(2), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2014.947319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auplish, A., Clarke, A. S., Van Zanten, T., Abel, K., Tham, C., Bhutia, T. N., Wilks, C. R., Stevenson, M. A., & Firestone, S. M. (2017). Estimating the intra-cluster correlation coefficient for evaluating an educational intervention program to improve rabies awareness and dog bite prevention among children in Sikkim, India: A pilot study. Acta Tropica, 169, 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.12.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barke, A., Nyarko, S., & Klecha, D. (2011). The stigma of mental illness in Southern Ghana: Attitudes of the urban population and patients' views. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(11), 1191–1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0290-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennetts, C., Elliston, K., & Maconachie, M. (2012). Continuing professional development for public health: An andragogical approach. Public Health, 126(6), 541–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.01.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair Irvine, A., Billow, M. B., Eberhage, M. G., Seeley, J. R., McMahon, E., & Bourgeois, M. (2012). Mental illness training for licensed staff in long-term care. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(3), 181–194. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2011.639482
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell, M. K., Piaggio, G., Elbourne, D. R., & Altman, D. G. (2012). Consort 2010 statement: Extension to cluster randomised trials. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 345, e5661. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e5661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. The American Psychologist, 59(7), 614–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., & Shapiro, J. R. (2010). Measuring the impact of programs that challenge the public stigma of mental illness. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 907–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotton, S. M., Wright, A., Harris, M. G., Jorm, A. F., & McGorry, P. D. (2006). Influence of gender on mental health literacy in young Australians. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(9), 790–796. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01885.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dako-Gyeke, M., & Asumang, E. S. (2013). Stigmatization and discrimination experiences of persons with mental illness: Insights from a qualitative study in Southern Ghana. Social Work & Society, 11(1), 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Ghanaweb. (2014). 10,250 Ghanaians suffering mental distress, depression. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/10-250-Ghanaians-suffering-mental-distress-depression-318593
   Google Scholar
• Government of Ghana. (1993). Local Government Act 1993 of ACT 46. Ghana Publishing Corporation. Accra-Ghana. http://laws.ghanalegal.com/acts/id/167/local-government-act
   Google Scholar
• Gyamfi, S., Hegadoren, K., & Park, T. (2018). Individual factors that influence experiences and perceptions of stigma and discrimination towards people with mental illness in Ghana. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27(1), 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haavik, L., Joa, I., Hatloy, K., Stain, H. J., & Langeveld, J. (2019). Help seeking for mental health problems in an adolescent population: The effect of gender. Journal of Mental Health, 28(5), 467–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2017.1340630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, D. (2017). Three more commit suicide. Scores call helpline for assistance. Daily Graphic (No. 20326, p. 20). Accra, Ghana. Graphic Communications Group Ltd. www.graphic.com.gh
   Google Scholar
• Hossain, D., Gorman, D., & Eley, R. (2009). Enhancing the knowledge and skills of advisory and extension agents in mental health issues of farmers. Australasian Psychiatry, 17(1 Suppl.), S116–S120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10398560902948365
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen, K. B., Morthorst, B. R., Vendsborg, P. B., Hjorthøj, C., & Nordentoft, M. (2016). Effectiveness of mental health first aid training in Denmark: A randomized trial in waitlist design. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(4), 597–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1176-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm, A. F. (2012). Mental health literacy: Empowering the community to take action for better mental health. The American Psychologist, 67(3), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm, A. F., Kelly, C. M., Wright, A., Parslow, R. A., Harris, M. G., & McGorry, P. D. (2006). Belief in dealing with depression alone: Results from community surveys of adolescents and adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 96(1–2), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm, A. F., Kitchener, B. A., O'Kearney, R., & Dear, K. B. (2004). Mental health first aid training of the public in a rural area: A cluster randomized trial [ISRCTN53887541]. BMC Psychiatry, 4(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-4-33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B., & Pollitt, P. (1997). Mental health literacy: A survey of the public’s ability to recognise mental disorders and their beliefs about the effectiveness of treatment. The Medical Journal of Australia, 166(4), 182–186. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb140071.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchener, B. A., & Jorm, A. F. (2002). Mental health first aid training for the public: Evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior. BMC Psychiatry, 2, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-2-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles, M. S. (1968). Andragogy, not pedagogy. Adult Leadership, 16(10), 350–352.
   Google Scholar
• Lo, K., Gupta, T., & Keating, J. L. (2018). Interventions to promote mental health literacy in university students and their clinical educators. A systematic review of randomised control trials. Health Professions Education, 4(3), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2017.08.001
   Google Scholar
• Lubman, D., McCann, T., Renzaho, A., Kyle, A., Mugavin, J. (2014). Bridging the gap: Educating family members from migrant communities about seeking help for depression, anxiety and substance misuse in young people. https://www.beyondblue.org.au/docs/default-source/research-project-files/bw0278.pdf?sfvrsn=4
   Google Scholar
• McCreary, L. L., Kaponda, C. P., Davis, K., Kalengamaliro, M., & Norr, K. F. (2013). Empowering peer group leaders for HIV prevention in Malawi. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 45(3), 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrotra, K., Nautiyal, S., & Raguram, A. (2018). Mental health literacy in family caregivers: A comparative analysis. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2018.01.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mfoafo-M’Carthy, M., & Sossou, M.-A. (2017). Stigma, discrimination, and social exclusion of the mentally ill: The case of Ghana. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, 2(4), 128–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41134-017-0043-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgaine, K., Thompson, L., Jahnke, K., & Llewellyn, R. (2017). GoodYarn: Building mental health literacy in New Zealand’s rural workforce. Journal of Public Mental Health, 16(4), 180–190. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMH-07-2017-0027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Reilly, C. L., Bell, J. S., Kelly, P. J., & Chen, T. F. (2011). Impact of mental health first aid training on pharmacy students’ knowledge, attitudes and self-reported behaviour: A controlled trial. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(7), 549–557. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2011.585454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohene, S., & Addom, S. (2015). The Ghanaian non-medical conceptualization of mood disorders. In A. Ofori-Atta & S. Ohene (Eds.), Changing trends in mental health care and research in Ghana. Sub-Saharan Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Ojio, Y., Yonehara, H., Taneichi, S., Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Togo, F., Nishida, A., & Sasaki, T. (2015). Effects of school-based mental health literacy education for secondary school students to be delivered by school teachers: A preliminary study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 69(9), 572–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson, D. P., & Kennedy, M. G. (2010). Mental health literacy among young people in a small US town: Recognition of disorders and hypothetical helping responses. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 4(4), 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00196.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, D., Liaw, S.-T., Dobell, J., & Anderson, R. (2010). Research Australian rural football club leaders as mental health advocates: An investigation of the impact of the Coach the Coach project. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 4, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-4-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read, U. M., & Doku, V. (2012). Mental health research in Ghana: A literature review. Ghana Medical Journal, 46(2 Suppl.), 29–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reavley, N. J., Jorm, A. F., & McCann, T. V. (2014). A multifaceted intervention to improve mental health literacy in employees of a multi-campus university: A cluster randomised trial. Journal of Public Mental Health, 13(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMH-03-2013-0010
   Google Scholar
• Reavley, N. J., McCann, T. V., Cvetkovski, S., & Jorm, A. F. (2014). A multifaceted intervention to improve mental health literacy in students of a multicampus university: A cluster randomised trial. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(10), 1655–1666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0880-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reavley, N. J., Morgan, A. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2014). Development of scales to assess mental health literacy relating to recognition of and interventions for depression, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/psychosis. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867413491157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, M., Mogan, C., & Asare, J. B. (2014). An overview of Ghana's mental health system: Results from an assessment using the World Health Organization's Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS)). International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 8(16), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-8-16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152(11), 726–732. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson, B., & Hansson, L. (2014). Effectiveness of mental health first aid training in Sweden. A randomized controlled trial with a six-month and two-year follow-up. PLoS One, 9(6), e100911. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tawiah, P. E., Adongo, P. B., & Aikins, M. (2015). Mental health-related stigma and discrimination in Ghana: Experience of patients and their caregivers. Ghana Medical Journal, 49(1), 30–36. https://doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v49i1.6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tay, J. L., Tay, Y. F., & Klainin-Yobas, P. (2018). Mental health literacy levels. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(5), 757–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2018.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theall, K. P., Fleckman, J., & Jacobs, M. (2015). Impact of a community popular opinion leader intervention among African American adults in a south eastern United States community. AIDS Education and Prevention, 27(3), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2015.27.3.275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornicroft, G., Mehta, N., Clement, S., Evans-Lacko, S., Doherty, M., Rose, D., Koschorke, M., Shidhaye, R., O'Reilly, C., & Henderson, C. (2016). Evidence for effective interventions to reduce mental-health-related stigma and discrimination. The Lancet, 387(10023), 1123–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00298-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, M. C., & Dzorgbo, D. B. S. (2012). Familial reciprocity and subjective well-being in Ghana. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(1), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00874.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmann, T., Staiger, T., Oexle, N., & Rüsch, N. (2020). Mental health literacy and help-seeking among unemployed people with mental health problems. Journal of Mental Health, 29(3), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2019.1581342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2000). ICD-10: The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2017a). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254610/1/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2017b). Ghana celebrates World Mental Health Day. https://www.afro.who.int/news/ghana-celebrates-world-mental-health-day
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2018). Depression. Key facts. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, A., & Somhlaba, N. Z. (2017). The position of Ghana on the progressive map of positive mental health: A critical perspective. Global Public Health, 12(5), 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1161816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myjoyonline.com. (2017). Suicide, risk and media reportage in Ghana. https://www.myjoyonline.com/opinion/2017/March-16th/suicide-risk-and-media-reportage-in-ghana.php
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi, S., Foo, J. C., Nishida, A., Ogawa, S., Togo, F., & Sasaki, T. (2020). Mental health literacy programs for school teachers: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 14(1), 14–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar