Effects and feasibility of psychological interventions to reduce inattention symptoms in adults with ADHD: a systematic review

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
   Google Scholar
• Arns, M., de Ridder, S., Strehl, U., Breteler, M., & Coenen, A. (2009). Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 40(3), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/155005940904000311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babic, A., Tokalic, R., Cunha, J. A. S., Novak, I., Suto, J., Vidak, M., Miosic, I., Vuka, I., Pericic, T. I. & Puljak, L. (2018). Risk of bias in Cochrane systematic reviews: Assessments of risk related to attrition bias are highly inconsistent. bioRxiv, p. 366658.
   Google Scholar
• Bachmann, K., Lam, A. P., Sörös, P., Kanat, M., Hoxhaj, E., Matthies, S., Feige, B., Müller, H., Özyurt, J., Thiel, C. M., & Philipsen, A. (2018). Effects of mindfulness and psychoeducation on working memory in adult ADHD: A randomised, controlled fMRI study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 106, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buoli, M., Serati, M., & Cahn, W. (2016). Alternative pharmacological strategies for adult ADHD treatment: a systematic review. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 16(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2016.1135735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coghill, D. R., Hayward, D., Rhodes, S. M., Grimmer, C., & Matthews, K. (2014). A longitudinal examination of neuropsychological and clinical functioning in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): improvements in executive functioning do not explain clinical improvement. Psychological Medicine, 44(5), 1087–1099. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713001761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behaviors science.(2nd ed.). Laurence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Hillsdale.
   Google Scholar
• Corbisiero, S., Bitto, H., Newark, P., Abt-Mörstedt, B., Elsässer, M., Buchli-Kammermann, J., Künne, S., Nyberg, E., Hofecker-Fallahpour, M., & Stieglitz, R.-D. (2018). A comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy vs. pharmacotherapy alone in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)–A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 571. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese, S., Ferrin, M., Brandeis, D., Buitelaar, J., Daley, D., Dittmann, R. W., Holtmann, M., Santosh, P., Stevenson, J., Stringaris, A., Zuddas, A., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2015). Cognitive training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(3), 164–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese, S., Ferrin, M., Brandeis, D., Holtmann, M., Aggensteiner, P., Daley, D., Santosh, P., Simonoff, E., Stevenson, J., Stringaris, A., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2016). Neurofeedback for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(6), 444–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowley, B., Holmstrom, E., Juurmaa, K., Kovarskis, L., & Krause, C. M. (2016). Computer enabled neuroplasticity treatment: A clinical trial of a novel design for neurofeedback therapy in adult ADHD. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amelio, R., Retz, W., & Rösler, M. (2015). Psychoedukation und Coaching bei ADHS im Erwachsenenalter. Zeitschrift Für Psychiatrie, Psychologie Und Psychotherapie, 63(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747/a000217
   Google Scholar
• Dittner, A. J., Hodsoll, J., Rimes, K. A., Russell, A. J., & Chalder, T. (2018). Cognitive-behavioural therapy for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a proof of concept randomised controlled trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 137(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emilsson, B., Gudjonsson, G., Sigurdsson, J. F., Baldursson, G., Einarsson, E., Olafsdottir, H., & Young, S. (2011). Cognitive behaviour therapy in medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-11-116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fachgesellschaften, A. d. W. M. (2018). S3-Leitlinie: ADHS bei Kindern, Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen. Retrieved from https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/anmeldung/1/ll/028-045.html.
   Google Scholar
• Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2005). What is the prevalence of adult ADHD? Results of a population screen of 966 adults. Journal of Attention Disorders, 9(2), 384–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054705281478
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fayyad, J., Sampson, N. A., Hwang, I., Adamowski, T., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L. H. S. G., Borges, G., de Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Lee, S., Navarro-Mateu, F., O’Neill, S., Pennell, B.-E., Piazza, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2017). The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 9(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-016-0208-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleming, A. P., McMahon, R. J., Moran, L. R., Peterson, A. P., & Dreessen, A. (2015). Pilot randomized controlled trial of dialectical behavior therapy group skills training for ADHD among college students. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(3), 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714535951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredriksen, M., Dahl, A. A., Martinsen, E. W., Klungsoyr, O., Faraone, S. V., & Peleikis, D. E. (2014). Childhood and persistent ADHD symptoms associated with educational failure and long-term occupational disability in adult ADHD. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 6(2), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-014-0126-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goudreau, S. B., & Knight, M. (2018). Executive function coaching: assisting with transitioning from secondary to postsecondary education. Journal of Attention Disorders, 22(4), 379–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715583355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, Y., Xu, G., & Zhu, Y. (2018). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for college students with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 22(4), 388–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054716686183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepark, S., Janssen, L., de Vries, A., Schoenberg, P. L., Donders, R., Kan, C. C., & Speckens, A. E. (2015). The efficacy of adapted MBCT on core symptoms and executive functioning in adults with ADHD: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(4):351–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715613587
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hesslinger, B., Tebartz van Elst, L., Nyberg, E., Dykierek, P., Richter, H., Berner, M., & Ebert, D. (2002). Psychotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults-a pilot study using a structured skills training program. European Archives of Psychiatry And Clinical Neuroscience, 252(4), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-002-0379-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiltunen, S., Virta, M., Salakari, A., Antila, M., Chydenius, E., & Kaski, M. (2014). Better long-term outcome for hypnotherapy than for CBT in adults with ADHD: results of a six-month follow-up. Contemporary Hypnosis and Integrative Therapy, 30(3), 118–134.
   Google Scholar
• Hirvikoski, T., Lindstrom, T., Carlsson, J., Waaler, E., Jokinen, J., & Bolte, S. (2017). Psychoeducational groups for adults with ADHD and their significant others (PEGASUS): A pragmatic multicenter and randomized controlled trial. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 44, 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirvikoski, T., Waaler, E., Alfredsson, J., Pihlgren, C., Holmström, A., Johnson, A., Rück, J., Wiwe, C., Bothén, P., & Nordström, A.-L. (2011). Reduced ADHD symptoms in adults with ADHD after structured skills training group: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(3), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoxhaj, E., Sadohara, C., Borel, P., D’Amelio, R., Sobanski, E., Müller, H., Feige, B., Matthies, S., & Philipsen, A. (2018). Mindfulness vs psychoeducation in adult ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 268(4), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0868-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, F., Tang, Y. L., Zhao, M., Wang, Y., Pan, M., Wang, Y., & Qian, Q. (2019). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult ADHD: A Randomized Clinical Trial in China. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(9), 1035–1046. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717725874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, L., Kan, C. C., Carpentier, P. J., Sizoo, B., Hepark, S., Schellekens, M. P. J., Donders, A. R. T., Buitelaar, J. K., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2018). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v. treatment as usual in adults with ADHD: A multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 49(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718000429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, M. (2015). Duration of psychotherapy has little association with outcome. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 207(2), 93–94. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenzi, F., Cortese, S., Harris, J., & Masi, G. (2018). Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Linehan, M. M., Tutek, D. A., Heard, H. L., & Armstrong, H. E. (1994). Interpersonal outcome of cognitive behavioral treatment for chronically suicidal borderline patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(12), 1771–1776. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.12.1771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z. X., Glizer, D., Tannock, R., & Woltering, S. (2016). EEG alpha power during maintenance of information in working memory in adults with ADHD and its plasticity due to working memory training: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 127(2), 1307–1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.10.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z. X., Lishak, V., Tannock, R., & Woltering, S. (2017). Effects of working memory training on neural correlates of Go/Nogo response control in adults with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychologia, 95, 54–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.11.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Pinar, C., Martinez-Sanchis, S., Carbonell-Vaya, E., Fenollar-Cortes, J., & Sanchez-Meca, J. (2018). Long-term efficacy of psychosocial treatments for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, P. L., Torrente, F. M., Ciapponi, A., Lischinsky, A. G., Cetkovich-Bakmas, M., Rojas, J. I., Romano, M., & Manes, F. F. (2018). Cognitive-behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD010840. phttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010840.pub2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawjee, K., Woltering, S., Lai, N., Gotlieb, H., Kronitz, R., & Tannock, R. (2017). Working memory training in ADHD: Controlling for engagement, motivation, and expectancy of improvement. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(11), 956–968. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714557356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawjee, K., Woltering, S., & Tannock, R. (2015). Working memory training in post-secondary students with ADHD: A randomized controlled study. PLoS One, 10(9), e0137173. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, J. T., McIntyre, E. M., English, J. S., Dennis, M. F., Beckham, J. C., & Kollins, S. H. (2017). A pilot trial of mindfulness meditation training for ADHD in adulthood: Impact on core symptoms, executive functioning, and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(13), 1105–1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713513328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, K. (2005). Psychosocial treatments for ADHD in teens and adults: A practice-friendly review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(5), 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, K., Ratey, N., Maynard, S., Sussman, S., & Wright, S. D. (2010). Coaching for ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13(5), 546–552. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054709344186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, K. R., Barkley, R. A., & Bush, T. (2002). Young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Subtype differences in comorbidity, educational, and clinical history. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(3), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200203000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg, J. T., Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2005). Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1224–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. I. f. H. a. C. E. (NICE). (2018). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Diagnosis and management. Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connell, R. G., Bellgrove, M. A., Dockree, P. M., Lau, A., Fitzgerald, M., & Robertson, I. H. (2008). Self-alert training: Volitional modulation of autonomic arousal improves sustained attention. Neuropsychologia, 46(5), 1379–1390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, D., Green, S., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2008).  Defining the review question and developing criteria for including studies. In  J. P. T. Higgins & S. Green (Eds.), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions: Cochrane book series (pp 81–94). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Organization, W. H. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Palpacuer, C., Gallet, L., Drapier, D., Reymann, J. M., Falissard, B., & Naudet, F. (2017). Specific and non-specific effects of psychotherapeutic interventions for depression: Results from a meta-analysis of 84 studies. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 87, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.12.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson, R., Söderström, S., Edlund-Söderström, K., & Nilsson, K. W. (2017). Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with ADHD in outpatient psychiatric care: A randomized trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(6), 508–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714539998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipsen, A., Jans, T., Graf, E., Matthies, S., Borel, P., Colla, M., Gentschow, L., Langner, D., Jacob, C., Groß-Lesch, S., Sobanski, E., Alm, B., Schumacher-Stien, M., Roesler, M., Retz, W., Retz-Junginger, P., Kis, B., Abdel-Hamid, M., Heinrich, V., & Tebartz van Elst, L. (2015). Effects of group psychotherapy, individual counseling, methylphenidate, and placebo in the treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(12), 1199–1210. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevatt, F. (2016). Coaching for college students with ADHD. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(12), 110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0751-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safren, S. A., Otto, M. W., Sprich, S., Winett, C. L., Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for ADHD in medication-treated adults with continued symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(7), 831–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safren, S. A., Sprich, S., Chulvick, S., & Otto, M. W. (2004). Psychosocial treatments for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27(2), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(03)00089-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safren, S. A., Sprich, S., Mimiaga, M. J., Surman, C., Knouse, L., Groves, M., & Otto, M. W. (2010). Cognitive behavioral therapy vs relaxation with educational support for medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 304(8), 875–880. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmucker, C., Nothacker, M. J., Rücker, G., Muche-Borowski, C., Kopp, I., & Meerpohl, J. J. (2016). Bewertung des Biasrisikos (Risiko systematischer Fehler) in klinischen Studien: Ein Manual für die Leitlinienerstellung. Cochrane Deutschland.
   Google Scholar
• Schoenberg, P. L., Hepark, S., Kan, C. C., Barendregt, H. P., Buitelaar, J. K., & Speckens, A. E. (2014). Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on neurophysiological correlates of performance monitoring in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology, 125(7), 1407–1416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönenberg, M., Wiedemann, E., Schneidt, A., Scheeff, J., Logemann, A., Keune, P. M., & Hautzinger, M. (2017). Neurofeedback, sham neurofeedback, and cognitive-behavioural group therapy in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a triple-blind, randomised, controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(9), 673–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30291-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, A., & Couture, J. (2014). A review of the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 48(2), 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028013510699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solanto, M. V., Marks, D. J., Mitchell, K. J., Wasserstein, J., & Kofman, M. D. (2008). Development of a new psychosocial treatment for adult ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(6), 728–736. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054707305100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solanto, M. V., Marks, D. J., Wasserstein, J., Mitchell, K., Abikoff, H., Alvir, J. M. J., & Kofman, M. D. (2010). Efficacy of meta-cognitive therapy for adult ADHD. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(8), 958–968. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavro, G. M., Ettenhofer, M. L., & Nigg, J. T. (2007). Executive functions and adaptive functioning in young adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(2), 324–334. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617707070348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, A., Malik, E., Pollak, Y., Bonne, O., & Maeir, A. (2016). The efficacy of computerized cognitive training in adults with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(12), 991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714529815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, C. S., Stevenson, R. J., & Whitmont, S. (2003). A self-directed psychosocial intervention with minimal therapist contact for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 10(2), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, C. S., Whitmont, S., Bornholt, L., Livesey, D., & Stevenson, R. J. (2002). A cognitive remediation programme for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36(5), 610–616. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01052.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toplak, M. E., Bucciarelli, S. M., Jain, U., & Tannock, R. (2009). Executive functions: Performance-based measures and the behavior rating inventory of executive function (BRIEF) in adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child Neuropsychology: A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence, 15(1), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297040802070929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Doren, J., Arns, M., Heinrich, H., Vollebregt, M. A., Strehl, U., & K. Loo, S. (2018). Sustained effects of neurofeedback in ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(3), 293–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1121-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal, R., Bosch, R., Nogueira, M., Gómez-Barros, N., Valero, S., Palomar, G., Corrales, M., Richarte, V., Mena, B., Casas, M., & Ramos-Quiroga, J. A. (2013). Psychoeducation for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder vs. cognitive behavioral group therapy: A randomized controlled pilot study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(10), 894–900. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182a5c2c5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virta, M., Salakari, A., Antila, M., Chydenius, E., Partinen, M., Kaski, M., Vataja, R., Kalska, H., & Iivanainen, M. (2010a). Hypnotherapy for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized controlled study. Lastenneurologian yksikkö Children‘s Hospital, 27(1), 5–18.
   Google Scholar
• Virta, M., Salakari, A., Antila, M., Chydenius, E., Partinen, M., Kaski, M., Vataja, R., Kalska, H., & Iivanainen, M. (2010b). Short cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive training for adults with ADHD – a randomized controlled pilot study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 6, 443–453. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s11743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E. (2015). How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association, 14(3), 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, H. A., & Shah, P. (2006). Training attention-switching ability in adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10(1), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054705286063
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young, S., Emilsson, B., Sigurdsson, J. F., Khondoker, M., Philipp-Wiegmann, F., Baldursson, G., Olafsdottir, H., & Gudjonsson, G. (2017). A randomized controlled trial reporting functional outcomes of cognitive-behavioural therapy in medication-treated adults with ADHD and comorbid psychopathology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 267(3), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0735-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, S., Khondoker, M., Emilsson, B., Sigurdsson, J. F., Philipp-Wiegmann, F., Baldursson, G., Olafsdottir, H., & Gudjonsson, G. (2015). Cognitive-behavioural therapy in medication-treated adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and co-morbid psychopathology: A randomized controlled trial using multi-level analysis. Psychological Medicine, 45(13), 2793–2804. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715000756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, Z., Moghaddam, N., & Tickle, A. (2016). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(6), 875–888. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054716664413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zilverstand, A., Sorger, B., Slaats-Willemse, D., Kan, C. C., Goebel, R., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2017). FMRI neurofeedback training for increasing anterior cingulate cortex activation in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. An exploratory randomized, single-blinded study. PLoS One, 12(1), e0170795. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D. L., Yang, M. H., Futrell, J. L., Horton, N. L., Hale, T. S., Pataki, C., & Smalley, S. L. (2008). Mindfulness meditation training in adults and adolescents with ADHD: A feasibility study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(6), 737–746. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054707308502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar