References
- Abdullah, T., & Brown, T. L. (2011). Mental illness stigma and ethnocultural beliefs, values, and norms: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 934–948. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.003
- Altemeyer, R. A. (2006). The authoritarians. University of Manitoba Press. http://members.shaw.ca/jeanaltemeyer/drbob/TheAuthoritarians.pdf
- Anglin, D. M., Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2006). Racial differences in stigmatizing attitudes toward people with mental illness. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 57(6), 857–862. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2006.57.6.857
- Barber, S., Gronholm, P. C., Ahuja, S., Rüsch, N., & Thornicroft, G. (2020). Microaggressions towards people affected by mental health problems: A scoping review. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796019000763
- Barry, C. L., & McGinty, E. E. (2014). Stigma and public support for parity and government spending on mental health: A 2013 national opinion survey. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 65(10), 1265–1268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300550
- Benson, M., & Lewis, C. (2019). Brexit, British People of Colour in the EU-27 and everyday racism in Britain and Europe. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(13), 2211–2228. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1599134
- Buhrmester, M. D., Talaifar, S., & Gosling, S. D. (2018). An evaluation of Amazon’s mechanical turk, its rapid rise, and its effective use. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 13(2), 149–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617706516
- Cheon, B. K., & Chiao, J. Y. (2012). Cultural variation in implicit mental illness stigma. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(7), 1058–1062. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0022022112455457 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112455457
- Cheng, Z. H. (2015). Asian Americans and European Americans’ stigma levels in response to biological and social explanations of depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(5), 767–776. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0999-5
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
- Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2007). The stigma of psychiatric disorders and the gender, ethnicity, and education of the perceiver. Community Mental Health Journal, 43(5), 439–458. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-007-9084-9
- Corrigan, P. W., Watson, A. C., Warpinski, A. C., & Gracia, G. (2004). Stigmatizing attitudes about mental illness and allocation of resources to mental health services. Community Mental Health Journal, 40(4), 297–307. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/B:COMH.0000035226.19939.76
- Couture, S., & Penn, D. (2003). Interpersonal contact and the stigma of mental illness: A review of the literature. Journal of Mental Health, 12(3), 291–305. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09638231000118276
- Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349–354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358
- Deluca, J. S., & Yanos, P. T. (2016). Managing the terror of a dangerous world: Political attitudes as predictors of mental health stigma. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 62(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764015589131
- Deluca, J. S., Vaccaro, J., Seda, J., & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Political attitudes as predictors of the multiple dimensions of mental health stigma. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(5), 459–469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018776335
- Devakumar, D., Shannon, G., Bhopal, S. S., & Abubakar, I. (2020). Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses. The Lancet, 395(10231), 1194. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30792-3
- Díez-Fernández, A., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., Torres‐Costoso, A., Cañete García‐Prieto, J., Franquelo‐Morales, P., & Sánchez‐López, M. (2018). Strength and cardiometabolic risk in young adults: The mediator role of aerobic fitness and waist circumference. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 28, 1801–1807. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13077
- Ditchman, N., Easton, A. B., Batchos, E., Rafajko, S., & Shah, N. (2017). The impact of culture on attitudes toward the sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities. Sexuality and Disability, 35(2), 245–260. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-017-9484-x
- Evans-Lacko, S., Rose, D., Little, K., Flach, C., Rhydderch, D., Henderson, C., & Thornicroft, G. (2011). Development and psychometric properties of the reported and intended behaviour scale (RIBS): A stigma-related behaviour measure. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 20(3), 263–271. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045796011000308
- Farber, R., Wedell, E., Herchenroeder, L., Dickter, C. L., Pearson, M. R., & Bravo, A. J. (2020). Microaggressions and psychological health among college students: A moderated mediation model of rumination and social structure beliefs. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00778-8
- Furr, L. A., Usui, W., & Hines‐Martin, V. (2003). Authoritarianism and attitudes toward mental health services. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73(4), 411–418. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.73.4.411
- Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. A Touchstone Book Published by Simon & Schuster Inc.
- Gonzales, L., Davidoff, K. C., DeLuca, J. S., & Yanos, P. T. (2015). The mental illness microaggressions scale-perpetrator version (MIMS-P): Reliability and validity. Psychiatry Research, 229(1–2), 120–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.061
- Gouveia, V. V., Milfont, T. L., Martínez, C., Paterna, C., & Journal, I. (2011). Individualism-collectivism as predictors of prejudice toward Gypsies in Spain. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 45(2), 223–233. https://journal.sipsych.org/index.php/IJP/article/view/152/130
- Griffiths, K. M., Christensen, H., Jorm, A. F., Evans, K., & Groves, C. (2004). Effect of web-based depression literacy and cognitive-behavioural therapy interventions on stigmatising attitudes to depression: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 185, 342–349. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.4.342
- Hall, D. L., Matz, D. C., & Wood, W. (2010). Why don’t we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism. Personality and Social Psychology Review : An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 14(1), 126–139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309352179
- Hampton, N. Z. (2017). Cultural orientations and attitude towards mental illness. Journal of Rehabilitation, 83, 25–33.
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. Second edition: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
- Hayes, A. F., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: Observations, recommendations, and implementation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 98, 39–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.11.001
- Hom, K. L. (1998). Investigating the influence of individualism-collectivism and acculturation on counselor preference and attitudes toward seeking counseling among Asian Americans. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 58(8–B), 4451.
- Interian, A., Martinez, I. E., Guarnaccia, P. J., Vega, W. A., & Escobar, J. I. (2007). A qualitative analysis of the perception of stigma among Latinos receiving antidepressants. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 58(12), 1591–1594. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2007.58.12.1591
- Johnson, M. K., Labouff, J. P., Rowatt, W. C., Patock‐Peckham, J. A., & Carlisle, R. D. (2012). Facets of right‐wing authoritarianism mediate the relationship between religious fundamentalism and attitudes toward Arabs and African Americans. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(1), 128–142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01622.x
- Kemmelmeier, M., Burnstein, E., Krumov, K., Genkova, P., Kanagawa, C., Hirshberg, M. S., Erb, H.-P., Wieczorkowska, G., & Noels, K. A. (2003). Individualism, collectivism, and authoritarianism in seven societies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(3), 304–322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103034003005
- Kobau, R., DiIorio, C., Chapman, D., & Delvecchio, P. (2010). Attitudes about mental illness and its treatment: Validation of a generic scale for public health surveillance of mental illness associated stigma. Community Mental Health Journal, 46(2), 164–176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-009-9191-x
- Lamis, D. A., Saito, M., Osman, A., Klibert, J., Malone, P. S., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (2014). Hopelessness and suicide proneness in US and Japanese college students: Depressive symptoms as a potential mediator. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(5), 805–820. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113519853
- Law, J. P., Kim, P. Y., Lee, J. H., & Bau, K. E. (2019). Acceptability of racial microaggressions among Asian American college students: internalized model minority myth, individualism, and social conscience as correlates. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22, 943–955.
- Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363–385. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
- Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Bresnahan, M., Stueve, A., & Pescosolido, B. A. (1999). Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1328–1333. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1328
- Liu, H., Feng, T., Ha, T., Liu, H., Cai, Y., Liu, X., & Li, J. (2011). Chinese culture, homosexuality stigma, social support and condom use: A path analytic model. Stigma Research and Action, 1(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5463/sra.v1i1.16
- MacWilliams, M. (2016). American Authoritarianism in Black and White [Amherst, MA: Ph.D. dissertation]. University of Massachusetts. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3174/96a478cac8cd30241a8cc0bfdf99059a3e0d.pdf
- Makwana, A. P., Dhont, K., De Keersmaecker, J., Akhlaghi-Ghaffarokh, P., Masure, M., & Roets, A. (2018). The motivated cognitive basis of transphobia: The roles of right-wing ideologies and gender role beliefs. Sex Roles, 79(3–4), 206–217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0860-x
- Matache, M., & Bhabha, J. (2020). Anti-roma racism is spiraling during COVID-19 pandemic. Health and Human Rights, 22(1), 379–382.
- Papadopoulos, C., Foster, J., & Caldwell, K. (2013). ‘Individualism-collectivism’ as an explanatory device for mental illness stigma. Community Mental Health Journal, 49(3), 270–280. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-012-9534-x
- Pescosolido, B. A., & Martin, J. K. (2015). The stigma complex. Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 87–116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145702
- Pescosolido, B. A., Martin, J. K., Lang, A., & Olafsdottir, S. (2008). Rethinking theoretical approaches to stigma: A framework integrating normative influences on stigma (FINIS). Social Science & Medicine (1982), 67(3), 431–440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.018
- Pescosolido, B. A., Medina, T. R., Martin, J. K., & Long, J. S. (2013). The “backbone” of stigma: Identifying the global core of public prejudice associated with mental illness. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 853–860. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301147
- Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2004). Fear of people with mental illnesses: The role of personal and impersonal contact and exposure to threat or harm. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(1), 68–80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650404500105
- Rao, D., Feinglass, J., & Corrigan, P. (2007). Racial and ethnic disparities in mental illness stigma. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(12), 1020–1023. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31815c046e
- Rao, D., Horton, R. A., Tsang, H. W. H., Shi, K., & Corrigan, P. W. (2010). Does individualism help explain differences in employers’ stigmatizing attitudes toward disability across Chinese and American cities? Rehabilitation Psychology, 55(4), 351–359. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021841
- Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2008). Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review. Personality and Social Psychology Review : An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 12(3), 248–279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308319226
- Tata, S. P., & Leong, F. T. (1994). Individualism-collectivism, social-network orientation, and acculturation as predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Chinese Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 280–287. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.41.3.280
- Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 118–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.118
- Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Haake, S. (2006). Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(3), 325–337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.325
- Waitz-Kudla, S. N., Daruwala, S. E., Houtsma, C., & Anestis, M. D. (2019). Help‐seeking behavior in socially conservative and Christian suicide decedents. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior. 49(6), 1513–1522. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12535
- Wen, Z., & Fan, X. (2015). Monotonicity of effect sizes: Questioning kappa-squared as mediation effect size measure. Psychological Methods, 20(2), 193–203. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000029
- WonPat-Borja, A. J., Yang, L. H., Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2012). Eugenics, genetics, and mental illness stigma in Chinese Americans. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(1), 145–156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0319-7
- Yang, L. H., & Kleinman, A. (2008). ‘Face’ and the embodiment of stigma in China: The cases of schizophrenia and AIDS. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 67(3), 398–408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.011
- Yang, L. H., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Kotabe, H., Link, B. G., Saw, A., Wong, G., & Phelan, J. C. (2013). Culture, threat, and mental illness stigma: Identifying culture-specific threat among Chinese-American groups. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 88, 56–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.03.036
- Yoo, S. (1997). Individualism-collectivism, attribution styles of mental illness, depression symptomatology, and attitudes toward seeking professional help: A comparative study between Koreans and Americans [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
- Yoo, S. K., Goh, M., & Yoon, E. (2005). Psychological and cultural influences on Koreans’ help-seeking attitudes. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 27, 266–281.
- Yoo, S. K., & Yoo, J. (2000). The relationship between collectivism-individualism tendency and attitudes toward counseling. Journal of Korean Psychological Association: Counseling and Psychotherapy, 12, 19–32.