References
- Adebimpe, V. R. (1981). Overview: White norms and psychiatric diagnosis of Black patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 138(3), 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.138.3.279
- Aggarwal, N. K., Rosenheck, R. A., Woods, S. W., & Sernyak, M. J. (2012). Race and long-acting antipsychotic prescription at a community mental health center: A retrospective chart review. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73(04), 513–517. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.11m07161
- American Psychological Association. (2002). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. American Psychologist, 58, 377–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.5.377
- American Psychological Association. (2008). Reporting standards for research in psychology: Why do we need them? What might they be? American Psychologist, 63(9), 839–851. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.9.839
- Appelbaum, M., Cooper, H., Kline, R. B., Mayo-Wilson, E., Nezu, A. M., & Rao, S. M. (2018). Journal article reporting standards for quantitative research in psychology: The APA Publications and Communications Board task force report. The American Psychologist, 73(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000191
- Association of American Medical Colleges. (2019). Diversity facts & figures. https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/report/diversity-facts-figures
- Bird, V., Premkumar, P., Kendall, T., Whittington, C., Mitchell, J., & Kuipers, E. (2010). Early intervention services, cognitive-behavioural therapy and family intervention in early psychosis: Systematic review. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 197(5), 350–356. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.074526
- Burns, J. K., Tomita, A., & Kapadia, A. S. (2014). Income inequality and schizophrenia: Increased schizophrenia incidence in countries with high levels of income inequality. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60(2), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764013481426
- Cannon, T. D., Cadenhead, K., Cornblatt, B., Woods, S. W., Addington, J., Walker, E., Seidman, L. J., Perkins, D., Tsuang, M., McGlashan, T., & Heinssen, R. (2008). Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: A multisite longitudinal study in North America. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.3
- Carpenter, W. T. (2016). Early detection of psychosis vulnerability: Progress, opportunity, and caution. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(10), 949–950. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16060746
- Chakraborty, B. H., & Steinhauer, S. R. (2010). Reporting of minority participation rates and racial differences in schizophrenia and psychophysiological research: Improving but still not adequate. Schizophrenia Research, 123(1), 90–91. 10.1016/j.schres.2010.06.006
- Cook, J. A., Burke-Miller, J. K., & Roessel, E. (2016). Long-term effects of evidence-based supported employment on earnings and on SSI and SSDI participation among individuals with psychiatric disabilities. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(10), 1007–1014. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15101359
- Degnan, A., Baker, S., Edge, D., Nottidge, W., Noke, W., Press, C. J., Husain, N., Rathod, S., & Drake, R. J. (2018). The nature and efficacy of culturally-adapted psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 48(5), 714–727. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717002264
- Dixon, L. B., Dickerson, F., Bellack, A. S., Bennett, M., Dickinson, D., Goldberg, R. W., Lehman, A., Tenhula, W. N., Calmes, C., Pasillas, R. M., Peer, J., & Kreyenbuhl, J. (2010). The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychosocial treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp115
- Eack, S. M., Bahorik, A. L., Newhill, C. E., Neighbors, H. W., & Davis, L. E. (2012). Interviewer-perceived honesty as a mediator of racial disparities in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 63(9), 875–880. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201100388
- Fusar-Poli, P., Bonoldi, I., Yung, A. R., Borgwardt, S., Kempton, M. J., Valmaggia, L., Barale, F., Caverzasi, E., & McGuire, P. (2012). Predicting psychosis: Meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(3), 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1472
- Helms, J. E., Jernigan, M., & Mascher, J. (2005). The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: A methodological perspective. The American Psychologist, 60(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.27
- Iwata, N., Turner, R. J., & Lloyd, D. A. (2002). Race, ethnicity, and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling young adults: A differential item functioning analysis. Psychiatry Research, 110(3), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00102-6
- Kline, E., Hendel, V., Friedman-Yakoobian, M., Mesholam-Gately, R. I., Findeisen, A., Zimmet, S., Wojcik, J. D., Petryshen, T. L., Woo, T.-U W., Goldstein, J. M., Shenton, M. E., Keshavan, M. S., McCarley, R. W., & Seidman, L. J. (2019). A comparison of neurocognition and functioning in first episode psychosis populations: Do research samples reflect the real world? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54(3), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1631-x
- Kulkarni, J., de Castella, A., Fitzgerald, P. B., Gurvich, C. T., Bailey, M., Bartholomeusz, C., & Burger, H. (2008). Estrogen in severe mental illness: A potential new treatment approach. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(8), 955. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.8.955
- Kwok, W. (2014). Is there evidence that social class at birth increases risk of psychosis? A systematic review. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60(8), 801–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764014524737
- Lewine, R. R. J., & Caudle, J. (1999). At issue: Race in the “decade of the brain”. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033358
- Lin, L., Stamm, K., & Christidis, P. (2018). Demographics of the U.S. psychology workforce. American Psychological Association.
- Lindamer, L. A., Lohr, J. B., Harris, M. J., & Jeste, D. V. (2004). Gender, estrogen, and schizophrenia. FOCUS, 2(1), 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1176/foc.2.1.138
- Maura, J., & Weisman de Mamani, A. (2017). Mental health disparities, treatment engagement, and attrition among racial/ethnic minorities with severe mental illness: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 24(3–4), 187–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-017-9510-2
- Mote, J., & Fulford, D. (2020). Now is the time to support Black individuals in the US living with serious mental illness - A call to action. JAMA Psychiatry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2656
- Mueser, K. T., Deavers, F., Penn, D. L., & Cassisi, J. E. (2013). Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 465–497. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185620
- Nagendra, A., Schooler, N. R., Kane, J. M., Robinson, D. G., Mueser, K. T., Estroff, S. E., Addington, J., Marcy, P., & Penn, D. L. (2018). Demographic, psychosocial, clinical, and neurocognitive baseline characteristics of Black Americans in the RAISE-ETP study. Schizophrenia Research, 193, 64–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.038
- Nagendra, A., Twery, B. L., Neblett, E. W., Mustafic, H., Jones, T. S., Gatewood, D., & Penn, D. L. (2018). Social cognition and African American men: The roles of perceived discrimination and experimenter race on task performance. Psychiatry Research, 259, 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.074
- National Institutes of Health. (2001). National Institutes of Health Policy on reporting race and ethnicity data: Subjects in clinical research. https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not-od-01-053.html
- Oh, H., Yang, L. H., Anglin, D. M., & DeVylder, J. E. (2014). Perceived discrimination and psychotic experiences across multiple ethnic groups in the United States. Schizophrenia Research, 157(1–3), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.036
- Olbert, C. M., Nagendra, A., & Buck, B. (2018). Meta-analysis of Black vs. White racial disparity in schizophrenia diagnosis in the United States: Do structured assessments attenuate racial disparities? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(1), 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000309
- Oluwoye, O., Stiles, B., Monroe-DeVita, M., Chwastiak, L., McClellan, J. M., Dyck, D., Cabassa, L. J., & McDonell, M. G. (2018). Racial-ethnic disparities in first-episode psychosis treatment outcomes from the RAISE-ETP study. Psychiatric Services, 69(11), 1138–1145. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800067
- Perreira, K. M., Deeb-Sossa, N., Harris, K. M., & Bollen, K. (2005). What are we measuring? An evaluation of the CES-D Across race/ethnicity and immigrant generation. Social Forces, 83(4), 1567–1601. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2005.0077
- Pinkham, A. E., Sasson, N. J., Calkins, M. E., Richard, J., Hughett, P., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (2008). The other-race effect in face processing among African American and Caucasian individuals with schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(5), 639–645. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07101604
- Roberts, S. O., Bareket-Shavit, C., Dollins, F. A., Goldie, P. D., & Mortenson, E. (2020). Racial inequality in psychological research: Trends of the past and recommendations for the future. Perspectives on Psychological Science. Advance online publication. 10.1177/1745691620927709
- Rost, K., Hsieh, Y.-P., Xu, S., Menachemi, N., & Young, A. S. (2011). Potential disparities in the management of schizophrenia in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 62(6), 6.
- Salkever, D. S., Karakus, M. C., Slade, E. P., Harding, C. M., Hough, R. L., Rosenheck, R. A., Swartz, M. S., Barrio, C., & Yamada, A.-M. (2009). Measures and predictors of community-based employment and earnings of persons with schizophrenia in a multisite study. Psychiatric Services, 58, 313–324.
- Sariaslan, A., Larsson, H., D’Onofrio, B., Långström, N., Fazel, S., & Lichtenstein, P. (2015). Does population density and neighborhood deprivation predict schizophrenia? A nationwide Swedish family-based study of 2.4 million individuals. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(2), 494–502. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu105
- Schwartz, R. C., & Blankenship, D. M. (2014). Racial disparities in psychotic disorder diagnosis: A review of empirical literature. World Journal of Psychiatry, 4(4), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.133
- Weisman, A., Rosales, G., Kymalainen, J., & Armesto, J. (2005). Ethnicity, family cohesion, religiosity and general emotional distress in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(6), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000165087.20440.d1
- Whaley, A. L. (2001). Cultural mistrust: An important psychological construct for diagnosis and treatment of African Americans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 32(6), 555–562. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.32.6.555
- Whaley, A. L. (2011). Clinicians’ competence in assessing cultural mistrust among African American psychiatric patients. Journal of Black Psychology, 37(4), 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798410387133