Mental health, quality of life, wellbeing, loneliness and use of social media in a time of social distancing during the COVID-19 outbreak. A cross-country comparative study

References

• Aalto, A.-M., Elovainio, M., Kivimäki, M., Uutela, A., & Pirkola, S. (2012). The beck depression inventory and general health questionnaire as measures of depression in the general population: A validation study using the composite international diagnostic interview as the gold standard. Psychiatry Research, 197(1–2), 163–171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aasprang, A., Andersen, J. R., Våge, V., Kolotkin, R. L., & Natvig, G. K. (2015). Psychosocial functioning before and after surgical treatment for morbid obesity: Reliability and validation of the Norwegian version of obesity-related problem scale. PeerJ., 3, e1275. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adlaf, E. M., Gliksman, L., Demers, A., & Newton-Taylor, B. (2001). The prevalence of elevated psychological distress among canadian undergraduates: Findings From the 1998 Canadian Campus Survey. Journal of American College Health, 50(2), 67–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480109596009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinsen, T. (1982). The stability and validity of quality of life measures. Social Science & Medicine, 10, 113–132.
   Google Scholar
• Berg-Weger, M., & Morley, J. E. (2020). Loneliness in old age: An unaddressed health problem. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach's alpha. BMJ, 314(7080), 572–572. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonsaksen, T., Opseth, T. M., Misund, A. R., Geirdal, A. Ø., Fekete, O. R., & Nordli, H. (2019). The de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale used with Norwegian clubhouse members: Psychometric properties and associated factors. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 22(2), 88–100.
   Google Scholar
• Buechel, E. C., & Berger, J. (2018). Microblogging and the value of undirected communication. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 28(1), 40–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concerns. Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong Gierveld, J., Van Tilburg, T., & Dykstra, P. A. (2006). Loneliness and social isolation. Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 485–500). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Donath, S. (2001). The validity of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire in Australia: A comparison between three scoring methods. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35(2), 231–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FHI, F. (2018). Psykiske lidelser hos voksne (Mental illness among adults). Retrieved from https://www.fhi.no/nettpub/hin/psykisk-helse/psykiske-lidelser-voksne/
   Google Scholar
• Firth, J. (1986). Levels and sources of stress in medical students. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 292(6529), 1177–1180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6529.1177
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GallupWorldPoll (2017). Country averages of self-reported life satisfaction (question: Cantril ladder). GallupWorldPoll. http://worldhappiness.report/
   Google Scholar
• Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS One, 15(4), e0231924 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geirdal, A. Ø., Dheyauldeen, S., Bachmann-Harildstad, G., & Heimdal, K. (2012). Quality of life in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia in Norway: A population based study. American Journal of Medical Genetics A, 158A(6), 1269–1278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.35309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D., Gater, R., Sartorius, N., Ustun, T. B., Piccinelli, M., Gureje, O., & Rutter, C. (1997). The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 191–197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796004242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D., Oldehinkel, T., & Ormel, J. (1998). Why GHQ threshold varies from one place to another. Psychological Medicine, 28(4), 915–921. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798006874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, L., Ben-Zion, I., Fear, N. T., Hotopf, M., Stansfeld, S. A., & Wessely, S. (2013). Are reports of psychological stress higher in occupational studies? A systematic review across occupational and population based studies. PLoS One, 8(11), e78693. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorter, R., Freeman, R., Hammen, S., Murtomaa, H., Blinkhorn, A., & Humphris, G. (2008). Psychological stress and health in undergraduate dental students: Fifth year outcomes compared with first year baseline results from five European dental schools. European Journal of Dental Education, 12(2), 61–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0579.2008.00468.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruzd, A., & Haythornthwaite, C. (2013). Enabling community through social media. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(10), e248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankins, M. (2008). The reliability of the twelve-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) under realistic assumptions. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 355–357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-355
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hebblethwaite, S., Young, L., & Martin Rubio, T. (2020). Pandemic precarity: Aging and social engagement. Leisure Sciences. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1773998
   Google Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017). The potential public health relevance of social isolation and loneliness: Prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors. Public Policy & Aging Report, 27(4), 127–130.
   Google Scholar
• House, J. S., Umberson, D., & Landis, K. R. (1988). Structures and processes of social support. Annual Review of Sociology, 14(1), 293–318. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.14.080188.001453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hystad, S. W., & Johnsen, B. H. (2020). The dimensionality of the 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12): Comparisons of factor structures and invariance across samples and time. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, L. S., Brodsky, M., Schron, E., Chung, M., Rocco, T., Lader, E., Constantine, M., Sheppard, R., Holmes, D., Mateski, D., Floden, L., Prasun, M., Greene, H. L., & Shemanski, L. (2005). Quality of life in atrial fibrillation: The atrial fibrillation follow-up investigation of rhythm management (AFFIRM) study. American Heart Journal, 149(1), 112–120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2004.03.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaasa, S., Mastekaasa, A., & Naess, S. (1988). Quality of life of lung cancer patients in a randomized clinical trial evaluated by a psychosocial well-being questionnaire. Acta Oncologica, 27(4), 335–342. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/02841868809093551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., & Nayar, K. R. (2020). COVID 19 and its mental health consequences. Journal of Mental Health. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1757052
   Google Scholar
• Lakey, B., & Cronin, A. (2008). Low social support and major depression: Research, theory and methodological issues. In: K. Dobson & D. Dozois (Eds.), Risk factors in depression (pp. 385–408). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Lakey, B., & Orehek, E. (2011). Relational regulation theory: a new approach to explain the link between perceived social support and mental health. Psychological Review, 118(3), 482–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lett, H. S., Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Strauman, T. J., Robins, C., & Sherwood, A. (2005). Social support and coronary heart disease: Epidemiologic evidence and implications for treatment. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(6), 869–878. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000188393.73571.0a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, K. A., & Currie, C. (2014). Reliability and validity of an adapted version of the Cantril Ladder for use with adolescent samples. Social Indicators Research, 119(2), 1047–1063. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0507-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, J. Q., & Fielding, R. (2014). Uncertain news: Trust and preventive practices in respiratory infectious diseases. European Psychologist, 19(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malt, U. F. (1989). The validity of the general health questionnaire in a sample of accidentally injured adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80(s355), 103–112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb05260.x
   Google Scholar
• Malt, U. F., Mogstad, T. E., & Refnin, I. B. (1989). Goldberg's general health questionnaire. Tidsskr nor Laegeforen, 109(13), 1391–1394.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazur, J., Szkultecka-Dębek, M., Dzielska, A., Drozd, M., & Małkowska-Szkutnik, A. (2018). What does the Cantril Ladder measure in adolescence? Archives of Medical Science: AMS, 14(1), 182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MHFA England. (2020). Mental health statistics. MHFA England. https://mhfaengland.org/mhfa-centre/research-and-evaluation/mental-health-statistics/
   Google Scholar
• NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2020). Mental health by the numbers. https://nami.org/mhstats
   Google Scholar
• Nerdrum, P., Rustøen, T., & Rønnestad, M. H. (2006). Student psychological distress: A psychometric study of 1750 Norwegian 1st‐year undergraduate students. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 50(1), 95–109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00313830500372075
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz-Ospina, E. & Roser, M. (2017). Happiness and Life Satisfaction. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/happiness-and-life-satisfaction'
   Google Scholar
• Parliament_of_Australia (2019). Mental health in Australia: A quick guide. Parliament_of_Australia. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1819/Quick_Guides/MentalHealth
   Google Scholar
• Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsay, S., Ebrahim, S., Whincup, P., Papacosta, O., Morris, R., Lennon, L., & Wannamethee, S. (2008). Social engagement and the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality: Results of a prospective population-based study of older men. Annals of Epidemiology, 18(6), 476–483. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphael, B. (1986). When disaster strikes: A handbook for the caring professions. Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, G. M., Holt, M. K., Bowman, C. E., Espelage, D. L., & Green, J. G. (2016). Perceived social support and mental health among first-year college students with histories of bullying victimization. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(11), 3331–3341. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0477-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, L., Hill, N., & Kokanovic, R. (2015). Experiences of depression, the role of social support and its impact on health outcomes. Journal of Mental Health (Abingdon, England), 24(6), 342–346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2014.954693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics, O. F. N. (2020). Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: 16 April 2020. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandwellbeing/bulletins/coronavirusandthesocialimpactsongreatbritain/16april2020
   Google Scholar
• Steptoe, A., Deaton, A., & Stone, A. A. (2015). Subjective wellbeing, health, and ageing. The Lancet, 385(9968), 640–648. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61489-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisaeth, L. (1989). The stressors and the post‐traumatic stress syndrome after an industrial disaster. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80(s355), 25–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb05251.x
   Google Scholar
• Williams, S. N., Armitage, C. J., Tampe, T., & Dienes, K. (2020). Public perceptions and experiences of social distancing and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A UK-based focus group study. medRxiv. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039334.
   Google Scholar