Death anxiety and satisfaction with life among the adults in the social isolation process of Covid-19 pandemic: the mediating role of perceived stress

References

• Abdel-Khalek, A. M., & Al-Sabwah, M. N. (2005). Satisfaction with life and death distress. Psychological Reports, 97(3), 790–792. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.3.790-792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdollahi, A., Panahipour, H., Allen, K. A., & Hosseinian, S. (2019). Effects of death anxiety on perceived stress in individuals with multiple sclerosis and the role of self-transcendence. OMEGA- Journal of Death and Dying, 4(1), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222819880714
   Google Scholar
• Adeeb, M., Saleem, M., Kynat, Z., Tufail, M. W., & Zaffar, M. (2017). Quality of life, perceived social support and death anxiety among cardiovascular patients. Pakistan Heart Journal, 50(2), 84–88.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, R., Ahmed, A., & Barkat, W. (2021). Behavioral limitations of individuals for coping with COVID-19: A terror management perspective. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 31(1-4), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2020.1835778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ankaralı, H., Ankaralı, S., & Erarslan, N. (2020). COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, ınfection: Current epidemiological analysis and modeling of disease. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Supplement 1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.707038
   Google Scholar
• Arrowood, R. B., Cox, C. R., Kersten, M., Routledge, C., Shelton, J. T., & Hood, R. W. (2017). Ebola salience, death-thought accessibility, and worldview defense: A terror management theory perspective. Death Studies, 41(9), 585–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2017.1322644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmundson, G. J. G., Paluszek, M. M., Landry, C. A., Rachor, G. S., McKay, D., & Taylor, S. (2020). Do pre-existing anxiety-related and mood disorders differentially impact COVID-19 stress responses and coping? Journal of anxiety disorders, 74, 102271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
   Google Scholar
• Banjongrewadee, M., Wongpakaran, N., Wongpakaran, T., Pipanmekaporn, T., Punjasawadwong, Y., & Mueankwan, S. (2020). The role of perceived stress and cognitive function on the relationship between neuroticism and depression among the elderly: A structural equation model approach. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-2440-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bélanger, J. J., Faber, T., & Gelfand, M. J. (2013). Supersize my identity: When thoughts of contracting swine flu boost one's patriotic identity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(S1), E153–E155. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12032
   Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland, A. M. (2020). Existential givens in the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 60(5), 710–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167820940186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyraz, G., & Legros, D. N. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and traumatic stress: Probable risk factors and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6–7), 503–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1763556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S. M., Doom, J. R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S. E., & Koppels, T. (2020). Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110, 104699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidzan-Bluma, I., Bidzan, M., Jurek, P., Bidzan, L., Knietzsch, J., Stueck, M., & Bidzan, M. (2020). A Polish and German population study of quality of life, well-being, and life satisfaction in older adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 585813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiwutikornwanich, A. (2015). Belief in the afterlife, death anxiety, and life satisfaction of Buddhists and Christians in Thailand: Comparisons between different religiosity. Social Indicators Research, 124(3), 1015–1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0822-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, W., & Wang, E. (2020). The panic emotions and coping strategies of in the background of COVID-19. Psychiatry, 3(1), 1040.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, A. B., Pierce, J. D., Chambers, J., Meade, R., Gorvine, B. J., & Koenig, H. G. (2005). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, belief in the afterlife, death anxiety, and life satisfaction in young Catholics and Protestants. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(3), 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior, 24(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damirchi, E. S., Mojarrad, A., Pireinaladin, S., & Grjibovski, A. M. (2020). The role of self-talk in predicting death anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and coping strategies in the face of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Iran J Psychiatry, 15(3), 182–188. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2159
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DiCiccio, T. J., & Efron, B. (1996). Bootstrap confidence ıntervals. Statistical Science, 11(3), 189–212. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2246110 https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1032280214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durak, M., Senol-Durak, E., & Gencoz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale among Turkish university students, correctional officers, and elderly adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9589-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskin, M., Harlak, H., Demirkıran, F., & Dereboy, Ç. (2013). The Adaptation of the Perceived Stress Scale into Turkish: A reliability and validity analysis. New Symposium Journal, 51(3), 132–140. http://yenisymposium.com/tr/Makaleler.aspx?Sayi=53
   Google Scholar
• Feng, M.-C., Feng, J.-Y., Yu, C.-T., Chen, L.-H., Yang, P.-H., Shih, C.-C., & Lu, P.-L. (2015). Stress, needs, and quality of life of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in Taiwan. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 31(9), 485–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2015.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint, G. A., Gayton, W. F., & Ozmon, K. L. (1983). Relationship between life satisfaction and acceptance of death by elderly persons. Psychological Reports, 53(1), 290. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1983.53.1.290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Hirschberger, G. (2002). The anxiety-buffering function of close relationships: Evidence that relationship commitment acts as a terror management mechanism. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(4), 527–542. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromm, E. (1997). Escape from freedom. Öteki.
   Google Scholar
• Fromm, E. (2000). Man for himself. Say.
   Google Scholar
• Gan, Y., Ma, J., Wu, J., Chen, Y., Zhu, H., & Hall, B. J. (2022). Immediate and delayed psychological effects of province-wide lockdown and personal quarantine during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Psychological Medicine, 52(7), 1321–1312. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720003116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Göksu, Ö., & Kumcağız, H. (2020). Perceived stress level and anxiety levels in individuals in covid-19 outbreak. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 463–479. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44397
   Google Scholar
• Guo, L., Xu, P., Yao, F., Zhang, F. L. Q., & Yang, F. (2020). The effect of acute stress disorder on negative emotions in Chinese Public during the NCP epidemic: Moderating Effect of Social Support. Journal of Southwest University (Natural Science), 42(5), 21–30. https://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/59001517/The_Effect_of_Acute_Stress_Disorder_on_Negative_Em.htm
   Google Scholar
• Hamama-Raz, Y., Mahat-Shamir, M., Pitcho-Prelorentzos, S., Zaken, A., David, U. Y., Ben-Ezra, M., & Bergman, Y. S. (2016). The link between death anxiety and post-traumatic symptomatology during terror: Direct links and possible moderators. Psychiatry Research, 245(245), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.059
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayduk, L. A. (1987). Structural equation modeling with LISREL: Essentials and advances Baltimor. Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Annals of the Academy of Medicine of Singapore, 49(1), 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, L. (2021). Existential–Humanistic Therapy and disaster response: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 61(1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167820931987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, X., Currier, G. W., Zhao, X., Jiang, Y., Zhou, W., & Wei, J. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder in convalescent severe acute respiratory syndrome patients: A 4-year follow-up study. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31(6), 546–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humer, E., Schimböck, W., Kisler, I.-M., Schadenhofer, P., Pieh, C., & Probst, T. (2020). How the COVID-19 pandemic changes the subjective perception of meaning related to different areas of life in Austrian psychotherapists and patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverach, L., Menzies, R. G., & Menzies, R. E. (2014). Death anxiety and its role in psychopathology: Reviewing the status of a transdiagnostic construct. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(7), 580–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, Y.-H., Cai, L., Cheng, Z.-S., Cheng, H., Deng, T., Fan, Y.-P., Fang, C., Huang, D., Huang, L.-Q., Huang, Q., Han, Y., Hu, B., Hu, F., Li, B.-H., Li, Y.-R., Liang, K., Lin, L.-K., Luo, L.-S., Ma, J., … Wang, X.-H. (2020). A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Military Medical Research, 7(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jose, S., George, N., & Dante, G. (2018). Life satisfaction as a predictor of death anxiety among the elderly people. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 9(6), 829–832. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=133584102&lang=tr&site=ehost-live
   Google Scholar
• Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: User's reference guide. Scientific Software International.
   Google Scholar
• Khalid, I., Khalid, T. J., Qabajah, M. R., Barnard, A. G., & Qushmaq, I. A. (2016). Healthcare workers emotions, perceived stressors and coping strategies during a MERS-CoV outbreak. Clinical Medicine & Research, 14(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2016.1303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., Elwakeel, S. A., Sous, M. S. F., Alhuwailah, A., Baali, S. B. A., Azdaou, C., Oliemat, E. M., & Jamil, H. J. (2021). Measuring COVID-19 as traumatic stress: Initial psychometrics and validation. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(3), 220–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1790160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling(4th ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, A. M., Wong, J. G., McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Sham, P. C., Chu, C.-M., Wong, P.-C., Tsang, K. W., & Chua, S. E. (2007). Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. M., Kang, W. S., Cho, A.-R., Kim, T., & Park, J. K. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., Liu, S.-M., Yu, X.-H., Tang, S.-L., & Tang, C.-K. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current status and future perspectives. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 55(5), 105951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Fritz, M. S., Williams, J., & Lockwood, C. M. (2007). Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN. Behavior Research Methods, 39(3), 384–389. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main, A., Zhou, Q., Ma, Y., Luecken, L., & Liu, X. (2011). Relations of SARS-related stressors and coping to Chinese college students' psychological adjustment during the 2003 Beijing SARS epidemic. Journal of counseling psychology, 58(3), 410–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.2307/2334770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martz, E. (2004). Death anxiety as a predictor of posttraumatic stress levels among individuals with spinal cord injuries. Death Studies, 28(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180490249201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies, R. E. (2018). Impermanence and the human dilemma: Observations across the ages. In R. E. Menzies, R. G. Menzies, & L. Iverach (eds), Curing the dread of death: Theory, research and practice (pp. 3–21). Australian Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Menzies, R. E., & Menzies, R. G. (2020). Death anxiety in the time of COVID-19: Theoretical explanations and clinical implications. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 13, 19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X20000215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., Birnbaum, G., & Malishkevich, S. (2002). The death-anxiety buffering function of close relationships: Exploring the effects of separation reminders on death-thought accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202286001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Hirschberger, G. (2003). The existential function of close relationships: Introducing death into the science of love. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0701_2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadzadeh, A., & Najafi, M. (2020). The comparison of death anxiety, obsession, and depression between Muslim population with positive and negative religious coping. Journal of religion and health, 59(2), 1055–1064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0679-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagaraj, M., & Nithyanandan, D. V. (2019). Death anxiety and psychological wellbeing of institutionalized elderly: Relationship, association, and influences of demography. Indian Journal of Gerontology, 33(3), 255–267. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=138166959&lang=tr&site=ehost-live
   Google Scholar
• Nayab, R., & Kamal, A. (2010). Terrorism catastrophizing, perceived stress and death anxiety among university students. Pakistan Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 8(2), 132–144. https://gcu.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/pjscs2010-132-144.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nikolaidis, A., Paksarian, D., Alexander, L., DeRosa, J., Dunn, J., Nielson, D. M., Droney, I., Kang, M., Douka, I., Bromet, E., Milham, M., Stringaris, A., & Merikangas, K. R. (2020). The Coronavirus Health and Impact Survey (CRISIS) reveals reproducible correlates of pandemic-related mood states across the Atlantic. Scientific Reports, 11, 8139. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.24.20181123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). The affective and cognitive context of self-reported measures of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 28(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01086714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perveen, N., Batool, I., Asghar, M., & Malik, G. (2019). Quality of life, psychological stress and death anxiety among liver and renal transplant recipients. Isra Medical Journal, 11(2), 106–109. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=136705162&lang=tr&site=ehost-live
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, D. L., Garay, J. R., Deamond, S. L., Moran, M. K., Gold, W., & Styra, R. (2008). Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiology and Infection, 136(7), 997–1007. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268807009156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polizzi, C., Lynn, S. J., & Perry, A. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of Covid-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 59–62. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., & Bokszczanin, A. (2020). Examining anxiety, life satisfaction, general health, stress and coping styles during COVID-19 pandemic in Polish sample of university students. Psychology Research and behavior management, 13, 797–811. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S266511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routledge, C., & Juhl, J. (2010). When death thoughts lead to death fears: Mortality salience increases death anxiety for individuals who lack meaning in life. Cognition & Emotion, 24(5), 848–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930902847144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safren, S. A., Gershuny, B. S., & Hendriksen, E. (2003). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress and death anxiety in persons with HIV and medication adherence difficulties. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 17(12), 657–664. https://doi.org/10.1089/108729103771928717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarıkaya, Y., & Baloğlu, M. (2016). The development and psychometric properties of the Turkish death anxiety scale (TDAS). Death Studies, 40(7), 419–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2016.1158752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satici, B., Gocet Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satici, S. A. (2021). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 1980–1988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-08119-003
   Google Scholar
• Segel-Karpas, D., & Bergman, Y. S. (2022). Retirement anxiety and depressive symptoms among middle-aged adults: An indirect effect through death anxiety. Death Studies, 46(1), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1725933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakil, M., Ashraf, F., Muazzam, A., Amjad, M., & Javed, S. (2022). Work status, death anxiety and psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic: Implications of the terror management theory. Death Studies, 46(5), 1100–1105. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1865479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha, S. P., & Nigan, M. (1993). Stress and death anxiety. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 78–81. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-45210-001
   Google Scholar
• Surall, V., & Steppacher, I. (2018). How to deal with death: An empirical path analysis of a simplified model of death anxiety. Omega, 82(2), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222818808145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taghiabadi, M., Kavosi, A., Mirhafez, S. R., Keshvari, M., & Mehrabi, T. (2017). The association between death anxiety with spiritual experiences and life satisfaction in elderly people. Electronic Physician, 9(3), 3980–3985. https://doi.org/10.19082/3980
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torales, J., O'Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. The International Journal of social psychiatry, 66(4), 317–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trzebiński, J., Cabański, M., & Czarnecka, J. Z. (2020). Reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic: The ınfluence of meaning in life, life satisfaction, and assumptions on world orderliness and positivity. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6-7), 544–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1765098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, M., Lu, P., Wu, S., & Feng, M. (2017). Stress, needs, and quality of life of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in North East China. The Journal of Nursing, 64(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.6224/JN.000026
   Google Scholar
• Tsang, H. W. H., Scudds, R. J., & Chan, E. Y. L. (2004). Psychosocial impact of SARS. Emerging İnfectious Diseases, 10(7), 1326–1327. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsur, N., & Abu-Raiya, H. (2020). COVID-19-related fear and stress among individuals who experienced child abuse: The mediating effect of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110, 104694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vail, K. E., Courtney, E. P., Goncy, E. A., Cornelius, T., & Edmondson, D. (2019). Anxiety buffer disruption: Relationship threat, death anxiety, and coping appraisals among low and high posttraumatic stress symptom samples. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 38(6), 501–511. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2019.38.6.501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vail, K. E., Horner, D. E., Waggoner, B., & Conti, J. P. (2019b). Pushing up daisies: Goal orientations, death awareness, and satisfaction with life. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 85, 103891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103891
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vail, K. E., Juhl, J., Arndt, J., Vess, M., Routledge, C., & Rutjens, B. T. (2012). When death is good for life: Considering the positive trajectories of terror management. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(4), 303–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868312440046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellingiri, B., Jayaramayya, K., Iyer, M., Narayanasamy, A., Govindasamy, V., Giridharan, B., Ganesan, S., Venugopal, A., Venkatesan, D., Ganesan, H., Rajagopalan, K., Rahman, P. K. S. M., Cho, S.-G., Kumar, N. S., & Subramaniam, M. D. (2020). COVID-19: A promising cure for the global panic. The Science of the total environment, 725, 138277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Wang, Z., Liu, X., Yang, X., Zheng, M., & Bai, X. (2021). The impacts of a COVID-19 epidemic focus and general belief in a just world on individual emotions. Personality and individual differences, 168, 110349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L.-S., Wang, Y.-R., Ye, D.-W., & Liu, Q.-Q. (2020). A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 55(6), 105948. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2020a). Basic protective measures against the new coronavirus. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2020b). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-weekly epidemiological update. WHO. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200416-sitrep-87-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=9523115a_2
   Google Scholar
• Wu, D., Wu, T., Liu, Q., & Yang, Z. (2020). The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What we know. International Journal of İnfectious Diseases, 94, 44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang, Y.-T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(3), 228–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalom, I. D. (2011). Existential psychotherapy. Kabalcı.
   Google Scholar
• Yılmaz, V., & Doğan, M. (2016). Investigation of recycling behavior using theory of planned behavior with a proposed structural equation model. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(5), 191–206.
   Google Scholar
• Zaleskiewicz, T., Gasiorowska, A., & Kesebir, P. (2015). The Scrooge effect revisited: Mortality salience increases the satisfaction derived from prosocial behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 59, 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, S. X., Wang, Y., Rauch, A., & Wei, F. (2020). Unprecedented disruption of lives and work: Health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., Jr,., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., An, Y., Tan, X., & Li, X. (2020). Mental health and its influencing factors among self-isolating ordinary citizens during the beginning epidemic of COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6-7), 580–593. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1761592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar