64
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The evolution of a therapeutic environment for patients with long-term mental illness as measured by the Ward Atmosphere Scale

, &
Pages 349-360 | Published online: 06 Jul 2009

References

  • Abrahamson, D. (1993) Institutionalisation and the long-term course of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162,533–538.
  • Anderson, J., Dayson, D., Wills, W., Gooch, C., Margolius, 0., O'Driscoll, C. & Leff, J. (1993) The TAPS Project 13: Clinical and social outcomes of long-stay psychiatric patients after one year in the community. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 45–56.
  • Bachrach, L. (1993) The biopsychosocial legacy of deinstitutionalization. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44,523–524.
  • Ball, R., Moore, E. & Kuipers, L. (1992) Expressed emotion in community care facilities: a compari-son of patient outcome in a nine-month follow-up of two residential hostels. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 27,35–39.
  • Barnes, T. (1994) Issues in the clinical assessment of negative symptoms. Current Opinion in Psychia-try, 7,35–38.
  • Bleuler, M. (1978) The schizophrenic disorders: long-term patient and family studies. New Haven, Yale University Press.
  • Brown, G., Birley, J. & Wing, J. (1972) Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disor-ders: a replication. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121,241–258.
  • Franckel, B. (1993) Groups for the chronic mental patient and the legacy of failure. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 43,157–172.
  • Friis, S. (1986) Characteristics of a good ward atmos-phere. Acta Psych iatrica Scandinavica, 74,469-473. 1 This important point was made by Courtenay Harding
  • Gelfand, D., Gelfand, S. & Dobson, W. (1967) Unprogrammed reinforcement of patients' behav-iour in a mental hospital. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5,201–207.
  • Goldberg, T., Torrey, E., Gold, J., Ragland, J., Bigelow, L. & Weinberg, D. (1993) Learning and memory in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 23,71–85.
  • Gunderson, J. (1978) Defining the therapeutic proc-esses in psychiatric milieus. Psychiatry, 41, 327–335.
  • Harding, C., Zubin, J. & Strauss, J. (1992) Chronicity in schizophrenia: revisited. British Journal of Psy-chiatry, 161,27–37.
  • Harvey, S., Nelson, E., Haller, J. & Early, T. (1993) Lateralized attentional abnormality in schizophre-nia is correlated with severity of symptoms. Bio-logical Psychiatry, 33,93–99.
  • Hawthorne, W., Fals-Stewart, W. & Lohr, J. (1994) A treatment outcome study of community-based resi-dential care. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45,152–155.
  • Hull, J. & Thompson, J. (1981) Predicting adaptive functioning among mentally ill persons in commu-nity settings. American Journal ofCommunity Psy-chology, 9,247–268.
  • Jeffrey, W., Kleban, C. & Papernik, D. (1976) Schizo-phrenia: treatment in therapeutic community. New York State Journal of Medicine, 24,384–390.
  • Johnstone, E. & Lang, F. (1994) The course and out-come of schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psy-chiatry, 7,56–60.
  • King, R., Raynes, N. & Tizard, J. (1971) Patterns of residential care. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Koegel, P. (1992) Through a different lens: an anthro-pological perspective on the homeless mentally ill. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16,1–22.
  • Kruzich, J. & Kruzich, S. (1985) Milieu factors influ-encing patients integration into community resi-dential facilities. Hospital and Community Psy-chiatry, 36,378–382.
  • Lavender, A. (1987) Improving the quality of care on psychiatric hospital rehabilitation wards. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150,476–481.
  • Leff, J., Kuipers, L., Berkowitz, R., Eberlein-Fries, R. & Sturgeon, D. (1982) A controlled trial of social intervention in the families of schizophrenic pa-tients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 141,121–134.
  • Leff, J. (1988) Special needs and their assessment. In: P. Bebbington & P. McGuffin (Eds), Schizophre-nia: the major issues. Oxford, Heinemann Medical Books.
  • Lieberman, J. A., Jody, D., Alvir, J.M.J., Ashtari, M., Levy, D.L., Bogets, B., Degreef, G., Mayerhoff, at the 1994 International Symposium for the Psycho-D.I. & Cooper, T. (1993) Brain morphology, dopamine and eye-tracking abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psy-chiatry, 50,357–368.
  • MacDonald, L., Sibbald, B. & Hoare, C. (1988) Meas-uring patient satisfaction with life in a long-stay psychiatric hospital. International Journal of So-cial Psychiatry, 34,292–304.
  • Moos, R. (1974)Evaluating treatment environments: a social ecological approach. New York, Wiley.
  • Moos, R. (1989) The Ward Atmosphere Scale Manual. Palo Alto, California, Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Moscher, L. & Menn, A. (1978) Community residen-tial treatment for schizophrenia: two years follow up data. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 29, 715–723.
  • Neuchterlein, K., Snyder, K. & Mintz, J. (1992) Paths to relapse: possible transactional processes con-necting patient illness onset, expressed emotion and psychotic relapse. British Journal of Psychia-try, 161,88–96.
  • Petratou, V. (1994) The use of key working as a psychological bridge into group work: a case re-port. Therapeutic Communities, 15,183–192.
  • Pierce, W., Trickett, E. & Moos, R. (1972) Changing ward atmosphere through staff discussion of the perceived ward environment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26,35–41.
  • Roberts, J. & Smith, J. (1994) From hospital commu-nity to the wider community: developing a thera-peutic environment on a rehabilitation ward. Men-tal Health, 3,69–78.
  • Schmidt, J., Wakefield, D. & Anderson, C. (1979) Ward atmosphere: a longitudinal factor analysis Social Psychiatry, 14,119–123.
  • Smith, J. (1993) From patient to resident: using a community meeting to help the chronically men-tally ill move from hospital. Therapeutic Commu-nities, 14,51–56.
  • Sommers, I. (1988) The influence of environmental factors on the community adjustment of the men-tally ill. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176,221–226.
  • Stanton, A. (1962) Foreword. In: J. Cumming & E. Cumming (Eds), Ego and Milieu. New York, Atherton Press.
  • Vaglum, P. & Friis, S. (1985) Milieu therapy in the long-termtreatment of functionalpsychosis: needed areas of research. In: T. Helgason (Ed), The long-term treatment of functional psychosis. London, Cambridge University Press.
  • Van Putten, T. (1973) Milieutherapy: contraindications? Archives of General Psychiatry, 29,640–643.
  • Watson, J. & Bouras, N. (1988) Psychiatric ward envi-ronments and their effects on patients. In: K. Granville-Grossman (Ed), Recent advances in clini-cal psychiatry. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone.
  • Werbart, A. (1992) Exploration and support in psycho-therapeutic environments for psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86,12–22.
  • Wing, J. & Brown, G. (1970) Institutionalism and Schizophrenia: a comparative study of three men-tal hospitals 1960-1968. London, Cambridge Uni-versity Press.
  • Wing, J. K. (1978) The social context of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135,1333–1339.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.