4,018
Views
90
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Papers

Biomechanics of the Achilles tendon

, &
Pages 1542-1547 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

  • Viidik A. Functional properties of collagenous tissues. Int Rev Conn Tiss Res 1973; 6: 127–215
  • Butler D L, Goods E S, Noyes F R, Zernicke R F. Biomechanics of ligaments and tendons. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 1978; 6: 125–181
  • Ker R F. Tensile fibres: Strings and straps. Biomechanics–materials: A practical approach, J FV Vincent. Oxford University Press, New York 1992; 75–97
  • Partington F R, Wood G C. The role of noncollagen components in the mechanical behaviour of tendon fibres. Biochem Biophys Acta 1963; 69: 485–495
  • Elliott D H. Structure and function of mammalian tendon. Biol Rev 1965; 40: 392–341
  • Diamant J, Keller A, Baer E, Litt M, Arridge R G. Collagen: Ultrastructure and its relations to mechanical properties as a function of ageing. Proc Roy Soc Lond B 1972; 180: 293–315
  • Bennett M B, Ker R F, Dimery N J, Alexander R McN. Mechanical properties of various mammalian tendons. J Zool Lond (A) 1986; 209: 537–548
  • Shadwick R E. Elastic energy storage in tendons: Mechanical differences related to function and age. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 1033–1040
  • Pollock C M, Shadwick. Relationship between body mass and biomechanical properties of limb tendons in adult mammals. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: R1016–1021
  • Lewis G, Shaw K M. Tensile properties of human tendon Achilles: Effect of donor age and strain rate. J Foot Ankle Surg 1997; 36: 435–445
  • Wren T A, Yerby S A, Beaupre G S, Carter D R. Mechanical properties of the human Achilles tendon. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2001; 16: 245–251
  • Cohen R E, Hooley C J, McCrum N G. Viscoelastic creep of collagenous tissue. J Biomech 1976; 9: 175–184
  • Hooley C J, McCrum N G, Cohen R E. The viscoelastic deformation of tendon. J Biomech 1980; 13: 521–528
  • Cumming W G, Alexander R McN, Jayes A S. Rebound resilience of tendons in the feet of sheep. J Exp Biol 1978; 74: 75–81
  • Ker R F, Alexander R McN, Bennett M B. Why are mammalian tendons so thick?. J Zool Lond 1988; 216: 309–324
  • Maganaris C N, Baltzopoulos V, Sargeant A J. Repeated contractions alter the geometry of human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2002; 93: 2089–2094
  • Maganaris C N. Tendon conditioning: Artifact or property?. Proc R Soc London B (Suppl.) 2003; 270: S39–42
  • Matthews L S, Ellis D. Viscoelastic properties of cat tendon: Effects of time after death and preservation by freezing. J Biomech 1968; 1: 65–71
  • Smith C W, Young I S, Kearney J N. Mechanical properties of tendons: Changes with sterilization and preservation. J Biomech Eng 1996; 118: 56–61
  • Maganaris C N, Paul J P. In vivo human tendon mechanical properties. J Physiol 1999; 521: 307–313
  • Maganaris C N, Paul J P. Hysteresis measurements in intact human tendon. J Biomech 2000; 33: 1723–1727
  • Maganaris C N, Paul J P. Tensile properties of the in vivo human gastrocnemius tendon. J Biomech 2002; 35: 1639–1946
  • Maganaris C N. Tensile behaviour of in vivo human tendinous tissue. J Biomech 2002; 35: 1019–1027
  • Muramatsu T, Muraoka T, Takeshita D, Kawakami Y, Hirano Y, Fukunaga T. Mechanical properties of tendon and aponeurosis of human gastrocnemius muscle in vivo. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90: 1671–1678
  • Magnusson S P, Aagaard P, Rosager S, Dyhre-Poulen P, Kjaer M. Load displacement properties of the human triceps surae aponeurosis in vivo. J Physiol 2001; 531: 277–288
  • Bojsen-Moller J, Hansen P, Aagaard P, Svantesson U, Kjaer M, Magnusson S P. Differential displacement of the human soleus and medial gastrocnemius aponeuroses during isometric plantar flexor contractions in vivo. J Appl Physiol 2004; 97: 1908–1914
  • Maganaris C N, Baltzopoulos V, Sargeant A J. Human calf muscle responses during repeated isometric plantarflexions. J Biomech 2006; 39: 1249–1255
  • Maganaris C N, Narici M V, Almekinders L C, Maffulli N. Biomechanics and pathophysiology of overuse tendon injuries–ideas on insertional tendinopathy. Sports Med 2004; 34: 1005–1017
  • Hansen P, Aagaard P, Kjaer M, Larsson B, Magnusson S P. Effect of habitual running on human Achilles tendon load-deformation properties and cross-sectional area. J Appl Physiol 2003; 95: 2375–2380
  • Arampatzis A, Stafilidis S, DeMonte G, Karamanidis K, Morey-Klapsing G, Bruggemann. Strain and elongation of the human gastrocnemius tendon and aponeurosis during maximal plantarflexion effort. J Biomech 2005; 38: 833–841
  • Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T. Elasticity of tendon structures of the lower limbs in sprinters. Acta Physiol Scand 2000; 168: 327–235
  • Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Effects of resistance and stretching training programmes on the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures in vivo. J Physiol 2002; 538: 219–226
  • Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Gender differences in the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 88: 520–526
  • Kubo K, Akima H, Ushiyama J, Tabata I, Fukuoka H, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Effects of 20 days of bed rest on the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures in lower-limb muscles. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38: 324–330
  • Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Effects of cold and hot water immersion on the mechanical properties of human muscle and tendon in vivo. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2005; 20: 291–300
  • Komi P V, Fukashiro S, Jarvinen M. Biomechanical loading of Achilles tendon during normal locomotion. Clin Sports Med 1992; 11: 521–531
  • Jozsa L G, Kannus P. Spontaneous rupture of tendons. Human tendons: Anatomy, physiology and pathology, L G Jozsa, P Kannus. Human Kinetics, Champaign 1997; 254–325
  • Alexander R McN. Elastic mechanisms in animal movement. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1988
  • Pike A VL, Ker R F, Alexander R McN. The development of fatigue quality in high-and low-stressed tendons of sheep (Ovis aries). J Exp Biol 2000; 203: 2187–2193
  • Smith R K, Birch H L, Goodman S, Heinegard D, Goodship A E. The influence of ageing and exercise on tendon growth and degeneration–hypotheses for the initiation and prevention of strain-induced tendinopathies. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002; 133: 1039–1050
  • Maganaris C N. In vivo tendon mechanical properties in young adults and healthy elderly. Proceedings of the Research Symposium Plasticity of the Motor System: Adaptation to increased use, disuse and ageing. Manchester Metropolitan University, UK 2001, Available from the website address: http://www.mmu.ac.uk/c-a/exspsci/alsymp.html
  • Magnusson S P, Beyer N, Abrahamsen H, Aagaard P, Neergaard K, Kjaer M. Increased cross-sectional area and reduced tensile stress of the Achilles tendon in elderly compared with young women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58: 123–127
  • Reeves N D, Maganaris C N, Ferretti G, Narici M V. Influence of 90-day simulated microgravity on human tendon mechanical properties and the effect of resistive countermeasures. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98: 2278–2286
  • Woo S L-Y, Gomez M A, Woo Y-K, Akeson W H. Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments II. The relationships of immobilization and exercise on tissue remodelling. Biorheology 1982; 19: 397–408
  • Barnard K, Light N D, Sims T J, Bailey A J. Chemistry of the collagen cross-links. Origin and partial characterization of a putative mature cross-link of collagen. Biomech J 1987; 244: 303–309
  • Kjaer M. Role of extracellular matrix in adaptation of tendon and skeletal muscle to mechanical loading. Physiol Rev 2004; 84: 649–698
  • Rack P MH, Ross H F. The tendon of flexor pollicis longus: Its effects on the muscular control of force and position at the human thumb. J Physiol 1984; 351: 99–110
  • Huxley A F. Muscle structure and theories of contraction. Prog Biophys Chem 1957; 7: 255–318
  • Maganaris C N. In vivo force–length characteristics of human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 2001; 172: 279–285
  • Maganaris C N. Force–length characteristics of the in vivo human gastrocnemius muscle. Clin Anat 2003; 16: 215–223
  • Wilson A M, Goodship A E. Exercise-induced hyperthermia as a possible mechanism for tendon degeneration. J Biomech 1994; 27: 899–905

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.