References
- van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage F. Neural consequences of environmental enrichment. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2000;1:191–198.
- Nithianantharajah J, Hannan AJ. Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7:697–709.
- Christensen BK, Colella B, Inness E, et al. Recovery of cognitive function after traumatic brain injury: a multilevel modeling analysis of Canadian outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:S3–S15.
- Green RE, Colella B, Maller JJ, et al. Scale and pattern of atrophy in the chronic stages of moderate–severe TBI. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:67.
- Adnan A, Crawley A, Mikulis D, et al. Moderate–severe traumatic brain injury causes delayed loss of white matter integrity: evidence of fornix deterioration in the chronic stage of injury. Brain Inj. 2013;27:1415–1422.
- Nilsson M, Perfilieva E, Johansson U, et al. Enriched environment increases neurogenesis in the adult rat dentate gyrus and improves spatial memory. J Neurobiol. 1999;39:569–578.
- Kempermann G, Gast D, Gage FH. Neuroplasticity in old age: sustained fivefold induction of hippocampal neurogenesis by long-term environmental enrichment. Ann Neurol. 2002;52:135–143.
- Curlik DM 2nd, Shors TJ. Training your brain: do mental and physical (MAP) training enhance cognition through the process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus? Neuropharmacology. 2013;64:506–514.
- Valero J, Espana J, Parra-Damas A, et al. Short-term environmental enrichment rescues adult neurogenesis and memory deficits in APP(Sw,Ind) transgenic mice. PLoS One. 2011;6:e16832.
- Jung CK, Herms J. Structural dynamics of dendritic spines are influenced by an environmental enrichment: an in vivo imaging study. Cereb Cortex. 2012;24:377–384.
- Amaral OB, Vargas RS, Hansel G, et al. Duration of environmental enrichment influences the magnitude and persistence of its behavioral effects on mice. Physiol Behav. 2008;93:388–394.
- Kobayashi S, Ohashi Y, Ando S. Effects of enriched environments with different durations and starting times on learning capacity during aging in rats assessed by a refined procedure of the Hebb-Williams maze task. J Neurosci Res. 2002;70:340–346.
- Passineau MJ, Green EJ, Dietrich WD. Therapeutic effects of environmental enrichment on cognitive function and tissue integrity following severe traumatic brain injury in rats. Exp Neurol. 2001;168:373–384.
- Sozda CN, Hoffman AN, Olsen AS, et al. Empirical comparison of typical and atypical environmental enrichment paradigms on functional and histological outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27:1047–1057.
- Monaco CM, Mattiola VV, Folweiler KA, et al. Environmental enrichment promotes robust functional and histological benefits in female rats after controlled cortical impact injury. Exp Neurol. 2013;247:410–418.
- Dobrossy MD, Dunnett SB. Environmental enrichment affects striatal graft morphology and functional recovery. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;19:159–168.
- Kolb B. Synaptic plasticity and the organization of behaviour after early and late brain injury. Can J Exp Psychol. 1999;53:62–76.
- Gaulke LJ, Horner PJ, Fink AJ, et al. Environmental enrichment increases progenitor cell survival in the dentate gyrus following lateral fluid percussion injury. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2005;141:138–150.
- de Witt BW, Ehrenberg KM, McAloon RL, et al. Abbreviated environmental enrichment enhances neurobehavioral recovery comparably to continuous exposure after traumatic brain injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25:343–350.
- Hamm RJ, Temple MD, O'Dell DM, et al. Exposure to environmental complexity promotes recovery of cognitive function after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 1996;13:41–47.
- Zahodne LB, Glymour MM, Sparks C, et al. Education does not slow cognitive decline with aging: 12-year evidence from the victoria longitudinal study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011;17:1039–1046.
- Schmutte T, Harris S, Levin R, et al. The relation between cognitive functioning and self-reported sleep complaints in nondemented older adults: results from the Bronx aging study. Behav Sleep Med. 2007;5:39–56.
- Harada CN, Natelson Love MC, Triebel KL. Normal cognitive aging. Clin Geriatr Med. 2013;29:737–752.
- Lovden M, Schaefer S, Noack H, et al. Spatial navigation training protects the hippocampus against age-related changes during early and late adulthood. Neurobiol Aging. 2012;33:620.e9–620.e22.
- Willis SL, Tennstedt SL, Marsiske M, et al. Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. JAMA. 2006;296:2805–2814.
- Lovden M, Schaefer S, Noack H, et al. Performance-related increases in hippocampal N-acetylaspartate (NAA) induced by spatial navigation training are restricted to BDNF Val homozygotes. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21:1435–1442.
- Park DC, Lodi-Smith J, Drew L, et al. The impact of sustained engagement on cognitive function in older adults: the Synapse Project. Psychol Sci. 2014;25:103–112.
- Mahncke HW, Connor BB, Appelman J, et al. Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: a randomized, controlled study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:12523–12528.
- Bamidis PD, Vivas AB, Styliadis C, et al. A review of physical and cognitive interventions in aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;44:206–220.
- Kelly ME, Loughrey D, Lawlor BA, et al. The impact of cognitive training and mental stimulation on cognitive and everyday functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2014;15:28–43.
- Blackerby WF. Intensity of rehabilitation and length of stay. Brain Inj. 1990;4:167–173.
- Zhu XL, Poon WS, Chan CC, et al. Does intensive rehabilitation improve the functional outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI)? A randomized controlled trial. Brain Inj. 2007;21:681–690.
- Shiel A, Burn JP, Henry D, et al. The effects of increased rehabilitation therapy after brain injury: results of a prospective controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2001;15:501–514.
- Ng K, Mikulis DJ, Glazer J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of progression of subacute brain atrophy in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:S35–S44.
- Bendlin BB, Ries ML, Lazar M, et al. Longitudinal changes in patients with traumatic brain injury assessed with diffusion-tensor and volumetric imaging. Neuroimage. 2008;42:503–514.
- Bigler ED. Traumatic brain injury, neuroimaging, and neurodegeneration. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:395.
- Farbota KD, Bendlin BB, Alexander AL, et al. Longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological correlates in traumatic brain injury patients. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012;6:160.
- Miller LS, Colella B, Mikulis D, et al. Environmental enrichment may protect against hippocampal atrophy in the chronic stages of traumatic brain injury. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:506.
- Frasca D, Tomaszczyk J, McFadyen BJ, et al. Traumatic brain injury and post-acute decline: what role does environmental enrichment play? A scoping review. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:31.
- Kapp M. The gamification of learning and instruction: game-based methods and strategies for training and education. San Francisco (CA): Wiley; 2012.
- Starkstein SE, Pahissa J. Apathy following traumatic brain injury. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014;37:103–112.
- Jak AJ, Seelye AM, Jurick SM. Crosswords to computers: a critical review of popular approaches to cognitive enhancement. Neuropsychol Rev. 2013;23:13–26.
- Owen AM, Hampshire A, Grahn JA, et al. Putting brain training to the test. Nature. 2010;465:775–778.
- Basak C, Boot WR, Voss MW, et al. Can training in a real-time strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older adults? Psychol Aging. 2008;23:765–777.
- Smith GE, Housen P, Yaffe K, et al. A cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: results from the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training (IMPACT) study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:594–603.
- Cavallini E, Dunlosky J, Bottiroli S, et al. Promoting transfer in memory training for older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2010;22:314–323.
- Eckroth-Bucher M, Siberski J. Preserving cognition through an integrated cognitive stimulation and training program. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2009;24:234–245.
- Ball K, Berch DB, Helmers KF, et al. Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2271–2281.
- Berry AS, Zanto TP, Clapp WC, et al. The influence of perceptual training on working memory in older adults. PLoS One. 2010;5:e11537.
- Peretz C, Korczyn AD, Shatil E, et al. Computer-based, personalized cognitive training versus classical computer games: a randomized double-blind prospective trial of cognitive stimulation. Neuroepidemiology. 2011;36:91–99.
- Mahncke HW, Bronstone A, Merzenich MM. Brain plasticity and functional losses in the aged: scientific bases for a novel intervention. Prog Brain Res. 2006;157:81–109.
- Tarraga L, Boada M, Modinos G, et al. A randomised pilot study to assess the efficacy of an interactive, multimedia tool of cognitive stimulation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:1116–1121.
- Rosen AC, Sugiura L, Kramer JH, et al. Cognitive training changes hippocampal function in mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;26:349–357.
- Barnes DE, Yaffe K, Belfor N, et al. Computer-based cognitive training for mild cognitive impairment: results from a pilot randomized, controlled trial. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2009;23:205–210.
- Shatil E, Metzer A, Horvitz O, et al. Home-based personalized cognitive training in MS patients: a study of adherence and cognitive performance. Neurorehabilitation. 2010;26:143–153.
- Stierwalt JA, Murray LL. Attention impairment following traumatic brain injury. Semin Speech Lang. 2002;23:129–138.
- Wang Y, Chan C, Shum D. Executive functioning impairments after traymatic brain injury. In: Levin HS, Shum DHK, Chan RCK, editors. Understanding traumatic brain injury: current research and future directions. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014. p. 99–115.
- Lebowitz MS, Dams-O'Connor K, Cantor JB. Feasibility of computerized brain plasticity-based cognitive training after traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2012;49:1547–1556.
- Bowen DJ, Kreuter M, Spring B, et al. How we design feasibility studies. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36:452–457.
- Van Teijlingen ER, Rennie AM, Hundley V, et al. The importance of conducting and reporting pilot studies: the example of the Scottish Births Survey. J Adv Nurs. 2001;34:289–295.
- Arain M, Campbell MJ, Cooper CL, et al. What is a pilot or feasibility study? A review of current practice and editorial policy. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:67.
- JV H. The distinction between randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and preliminary feasibility and pilot studies: what they are and are not. J Orthopaed Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44:555–558.
- Kraemer HC, Mintz J, Noda A, et al. Caution regarding the use of pilot studies to guide power calculations for study proposals. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:484–489.
- Leon AC, Davis LL, Kraemer HC. The role and interpretation of pilot studies in clinical research. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:626–629.
- Shanyinde M, Pickering RM, Weatherall M. Questions asked and answered in pilot and feasibility randomized controlled trials. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:117.
- Tickle-Degnen L. Nuts and bolts of conducting feasibility studies. Am J Occup Ther. 2013;67:171–176.
- Whitehead AL, Sully BG, Campbell MJ. Pilot and feasibility studies: is there a difference from each other and from a randomised controlled trial? Contemp Clin Trials. 2014;38:130–133.
- Anderson DL. A guide to patient recruitment—today’s best practices and proven strategies. Boston (MA): CenterWatch Inc.; 2001.
- Zaloshnja E, Miller T, Langlois JA, et al. Prevalence of long-term disability from traumatic brain injury in the civilian population of the United States, 2005. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008;23:394–400.
- Lezak M. Neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.
- Arundine A, Bradbury CL, Dupuis K, et al. Cognitive behavior therapy after acquired brain injury: maintenance. Of therapeutic benefits at 6 months posttreatment. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2012;27:104–112.
- BrainHQ by Posit Science [Internet]; [cited 2014]. 2016. Available from: http://www.brainhq.com/
- Thurman DJ, Alverson C, Dunn KA, et al. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: a public health perspective. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999;14:602–615.
- Till C, Colella B, Verwegen J, et al. Postrecovery cognitive decline in adults with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:S25–S34.
- Berg KM, Demas PA, Howard AA, et al. Gender differences in factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19:1111–1117.
- Manteuffel M, Williams S, Chen W, et al. Influence of patient sex and gender on medication use, adherence, and prescribing alignment with guidelines. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2014;23:112–119.
- Hoeppner BB, Paskausky AL, Jackson KM, et al. Sex differences in college student adherence to NIAAA drinking guidelines. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37:1779–1786.
- Patterson JM, Wall M, Berge J, et al. Gender differences in treatment adherence among youth with cystic fibrosis: development of a new questionnaire. J Cyst Fibros. 2008;7:154–164.
- Oosenbrug E, Marinho RP, Zhang J, et al. Sex differences in cardiac rehabilitation adherence: a meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2016. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.01.036.
- McDonald BC, Flashman LA, Saykin AJ. Executive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: neural substrates and treatment strategies. Neurorehabilitation. 2002;17:333–344.
- Fleming JM, Ownsworth T. A review of awareness interventions in brain injury rehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2006;16:474–500.
- Mitchell MS, Goodman JM, Alter DA, et al. Financial incentives for exercise adherence in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2013;45:658–667.
- Wilson BA, Emslie H, Quirk K, et al. A randomized control trial to evaluate a paging system for people with traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2005;19:891–894.
- Kazdin A. Behaviour modification in applied settings. Long Grove (IL): Welland Press; 2013.