References
- National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: with special feature on racial and ethnic disparities. Hyattsville. 2016. (Report No.: 2016-1232).
- Katz S. Assessing self‐maintenance: activities of daily living, mobility, and instrumental activities of daily living. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1983;31:721–727.
- Bowling A, Stafford M. How do objective and subjective assessments of neighbourhood influence social and physical functioning in older age? Findings from a British survey of ageing. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64:2533–2549.
- Yen IH, Scherzer T, Cubbin C, et al. Women's perceptions of neighborhood resources and hazards related to diet, physical activity, and smoking: focus group results from economically distinct neighborhoods in a mid-sized US city. Am J Health Promot. 2007;22:98–106.
- Reynolds SL, Silverstein M. Observing the onset of disability in older adults. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57:1875–1889.
- Freedman VA. Adopting the ICF language for studying late-life disability: a field of dreams? J Gerontol. 2009;64A:1172–1174.
- World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) 2010.
- Beard JR, Blaney S, Cerda M, et al. Neighborhood characteristics and disability in older adults. J Gerontol. 2009;64B:252–257.
- Clarke P, Ailshire JA, Bader M, et al. Mobility disability and the urban built environment. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:506–513.
- Clarke P, Ailshire JA, Lantz P. Urban built environments and trajectories of mobility disability: Findings from a national sample of community-dwelling American adults (1986-2001)). Soc Sci Med. 2009;69:964–970.
- Freedman VA, Grafova IB, Schoeni RF, et al. Neighborhoods and disability in later life. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66:2253–2267.
- Pruchno RA, Wilson-Genderson M, Cartwright FP. The texture of neighborhoods and disability among older adults. J Gerontol. 2012;67B:89–98.
- Schulz A, Northridge ME. Social determinants of health: implications for environmental health promotion. Health Educ Behav. 2004;31:455–471.
- Kawachi I, Berkman LF. Neighborhoods and health. USA: Oxford University Press; 2003.
- Clarke P, George LK. The role of the built environment in the disablement process. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:1933–1939.
- Rosso AL, Auchincloss AH, Michael YL. The urban built environment and mobility in older adults: A comprehensive review. J Aging Res. 2011;2011:1.
- Clarke P, Gallagher NA. Optimizing mobility in later life: The role of the urban built environment for older adults aging in place. J Urban Health. 2013;90:997–1009.
- Glymour MM, Mujahid M, Wu Q, et al. Neighborhood disadvantage and self-assessed health, disability, and depressive symptoms: longitudinal results from the health and retirement study. Ann Epidemiol. 2010;20:856–861.
- Lang IA, Llewellyn DJ, Langa KM, et al. Neighbourhood deprivation and incident mobility disability in older adults. Age Ageing. 2008;37:403–410.
- Philibert MD, Pampalon R, Hamel D, et al. Interactions between neighborhood characteristics and individual functional status in relation to disability among Québec urbanites. Disabil Health J. 2013;6:361–368.
- Clark CR, Kawachi I, Ryan L, et al. Perceived neighborhood safety and incident mobility disability among elders: the hazards of poverty. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:162.
- Sun VK, Cenzer IS, Kao H, et al. How safe is your neighborhood? Perceived neighborhood safety and functional decline in older adults. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27:541–547.
- Rosso AL, Tabb LP, Grubesic TH, et al. Neighborhood social capital and achieved mobility of older adults. J Aging Health. 2014;26:1301–1319.
- Yen IH, Michael YL, Perdue L. Neighborhood environment in studies of health of older adults: A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37:455–463.
- Diez Roux AV, Mair C. Neighborhoods and health. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186:125–45.
- Krieger N. Epidemiology and the web of causation: Has anyone seen the spider? Soc Sci Med. 1994;39:887–903.
- Murtagh KN, Hubert HB. Gender differences in physical disability among an elderly cohort. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1406–1411.
- Montaquila J, Freedman VA, Edwards B, Kasper J. National health and aging trends study round 1 sample design and selection. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health; 2012.
- Freedman VA, Kasper JD, Cornman JC, et al. Validation of new measures of disability and functioning in the National Health and Aging Trends Study. J Gerontol. 2011;66A:1013–1021.
- Cagney KA, Glass TA, Skarupski KA, et al. Neighborhood-level cohesion and disorder: measurement and validation in two older adult urban populations. J Gerontol. 2009;64B: 415–424.
- Bureau USC. American Community Survey. American Fact Finder; 2009–2012.
- Bureau USC.Decennial Census. American Fact Finder; 2010.
- Ross CE, Mirowsky J. Neighborhood disadvantage, disorder, and health. J Health Soc Behav. 2001;42:258–276.
- Sampson R, Raudenbush S, Earls F. Neighborhoods and crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science. 1997;277:918–924.
- Stata Statistical Software: Release 14 [database on the Internet]. College Station, TX. 2015. Accessed:
- Bronfenbrenner U. The ecology of human development. Cambridge (UK): Harvard University Press; 1979.
- Hanson HM, Schiller C, Winters M, et al. Concept mapping applied to the intersection between older adults' outdoor walking and the built and social environments. Preventive Medicine. 2013;57:785–791.
- Li W, Keegan TH, Sternfeld B, et al. Outdoor falls among middle-aged and older adults: a neglected public health problem. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:1192–1200.
- Yen IH, Flood JF, Thompson H, et al. How design of places promotes or inhibits mobility of older adults: realist synthesis of 20 years of research. J Aging Health. 2014; 26:1340–1372.
- Randström KB, Asplund K, Svedlund M. Impact of environmental factors in home rehabilitation – a qualitative study from the perspective of older persons using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to describe facilitators and barriers. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34:779–787.
- Lomas J. Social capital and health: implications for public health and epidemiology. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47:1181–1188.
- Kawachi I, Subramanian SV, Kim D. Social capital and health. In: Kawachi I, Subramanian SV, Kim D, editors. Social capital and health. New York (NY): Springer New York; 2008. 1–26.
- Northridge ME, Sclar ED, Biswas MP. Sorting out the connections between the built environment and health: a conceptual framework for navigating pathways and planning healthy cities. J Urban Health. 2003;80:556–568.
- LaVeist T, Pollack K, Thorpe R, et al. Place, not race: disparities dissipate in southwest Baltimore when blacks and whites live under similar conditions. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30:1880–1887.
- Lee M-A, Ferraro KF. Neighborhood residential segregation and physical health among Hispanic Americans: good, bad, or benign?. J Health Soc Behav. 2007;48:131–148.
- White DK, Jette AM, Felson DT, et al. Are features of the neighborhood environment associated with disability in older adults?. Disabil Rehabil. 2010;32:639–645.
- Sampson RJ, Morenoff JD, Gannon-Rowley T. Assessing “Neighborhood Effects”: Social processes and new directions in research. Annu Rev Sociol. 2002;28:443–478.
- Clarke P, Nieuwenhuijsen ER. Environments for healthy ageing: a critical review. Maturitas. 2009;64:14–19.
- Jokela M. Are neighborhood health associations causal? a 10-year prospective cohort study with repeated measurements. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180:776–784.
- Jellema S, van Hees S, Zajec J, et al. What environmental factors influence resumption of valued activities post stroke: a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative findings. Clin Rehabil. 2017;31:936–947.