1,696
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspectives in Rehabilitation

Potential lower extremity amputation-induced mechanisms of chronic low back pain: role for focused resistance exercise

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 3713-3721 | Received 11 Sep 2018, Accepted 18 Apr 2019, Published online: 08 May 2019

References

  • Ziegler-Graham K, MacKenzie EJ, Ephraim PL, et al. Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:422–429.
  • Owings M, Kozak L. Ambulatory and Impatient Procedures int he United States. Hyattsville (MD): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics; 1998.
  • Engstrand JL. Rehabilitation of the patient with a lower extremity amputation. Nurs Clin North Am. 1976;11:659–669.
  • Taghipour H, Moharamzad Y, Mafi AR, et al. Quality of life among veterans with war-related unilateral lower extremity amputation: a long-term survey in a prosthesis center in Iran. J Orthop Trauma. 2009;23:525–530.
  • Russell Esposito E, Wilken JM. The relationship between pelvis-trunk coordination and low back pain in individuals with transfemoral amputations. Gait Posture. 2014;40:640–646.
  • Smith DG, Ehde DM, Legro MW, et al. Phantom limb, residual limb, and back pain after lower extremity amputations. Clin Orthop. 1999;361:29–38.
  • Wasser JG, Vasilopoulos T, Zdziarski LA, et al. Exercise benefits for chronic low back pain in overweight and obese individuals. PM R. 2017;9:181–192.
  • Peniston JH. A review of pharmacotherapy for chronic low back pain with considerations for sports medicine. Phys Sportsmed. 2012;40:21–32.
  • Devan H, Carman A, Hendrick P, et al. Spinal, pelvic, and hip movement asymmetries in people with lower-limb amputation: systematic review. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2015;52:1–19.
  • Shojaei I, Hendershot BD, Wolf EJ, et al. Persons with unilateral transfemoral amputation experience larger spinal loads during level-ground walking compared to able-bodied individuals. Clin Biomech Bristol Avon. 2016;32:157–163.
  • Sherk VD, Bemben MG, Bemben DA. Interlimb muscle and fat comparisons in persons with lower-limb amputation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91:1077–1081.
  • Pauley T, Devlin M, Madan-Sharma P. A single-blind, cross-over trial of hip abductor strength training to improve Timed Up & Go performance in patients with unilateral, transfemoral amputation. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46:264–270.
  • Goubert D, Oosterwijck JV, Meeus M, et al. Structural changes of lumbar muscles in non-specific low back pain: a systematic review. Pain Physician. 2016;19:E985–1000.
  • Mayer JM, Childs JD, Neilson BD, et al. Effect of lumbar progressive resistance exercise on lumbar muscular strength and core muscular endurance in soldiers. Mil Med. 2016;181:e1615–e1622.
  • Steele J, Bruce-Low S, Smith D. A review of the clinical value of isolated lumbar extension resistance training for chronic low back pain. PM R. 2015;7:169–187.
  • Marzetti E, Calvani R, Tosato M, et al. Physical activity and exercise as countermeasures to physical frailty and sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017;29:35–42.
  • Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Snyder C, et al. Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(8):CD008465.
  • Kwak C-J, Kim YL, Lee SM. Effects of elastic-band resistance exercise on balance, mobility and gait function, flexibility and fall efficacy in elderly people. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28:3189–3196.
  • Ahn N, Kim K. Effects of an elastic band resistance exercise program on lower extremity muscle strength and gait ability in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27:1953–1955.
  • Kleemeyer MM, Polk TA, Schaefer S, et al. Exercise-induced fitness changes correlate with changes in neural specificity in older adults. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:123.
  • Faigenbaum AD, Kraemer WJ, Blimkie CJR, et al. Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the national strength and conditioning association. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23:S60–S79.
  • Donachy JE, Brannon KD, Hughes LS, et al. Strength and endurance training of an individual with left upper and lower limb amputations. Disabil Rehabil. 2004;26:495–499.
  • Nolan L. A training programme to improve hip strength in persons with lower limb amputation. J Rehabil Med. 2012;44:241–248.
  • Vincent HK, George SZ, Seay AN, et al. Resistance exercise, disability, and pain catastrophizing in obese adults with back pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:1693–1701.
  • Searle A, Spink M, Ho A, et al. Exercise interventions for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29:1155–1167.
  • Kumar T, Kumar S, Nezamuddin M, et al. Efficacy of core muscle strengthening exercise in chronic low back pain patients. BMR. 2015;28:699–707.
  • Kell RT, Risi AD, Barden JM. The response of persons with chronic nonspecific low back pain to three different volumes of periodized musculoskeletal rehabilitation. J Strength Cond Res Natl Strength Cond Assoc. 2011;25:1052–1064.
  • Takahashi N, Omata J-I, Iwabuchi M, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy versus exercise therapy in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a prospective study. FJMS. 2017;63:8–15.
  • Shirado O, Doi T, Akai M, et al. Multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of home-based exercise on patients with chronic low back pain: the Japan low back pain exercise therapy study. Spine. 2010;35:E811.
  • Shakeri H, Fathollahi Z, Karimi N, et al. Effect of functional lumbar stabilization exercises on pain, disability, and kinesiophobia in women with menstrual low back pain: a preliminary trial. J Chiropr Med. 2013;12:160–167.
  • Renström P, Grimby G, Larsson E. Thigh muscle strength in below-knee amputees. Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1983;9:163–173.
  • Jaegers SM, Arendzen JH, de Jongh HJ. Changes in hip muscles after above-knee amputation. Clin Orthop. 1995;319:276–284.
  • Schmalz T, Blumentritt S, Reimers CD. Selective thigh muscle atrophy in trans-tibial amputees: an ultrasonographic study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2001;121:307–312.
  • Storheim K, Berg L, Hellum C, et al. Fat in the lumbar multifidus muscles - predictive value and change following disc prosthesis surgery and multidisciplinary rehabilitation in patients with chronic low back pain and degenerative disc: 2-year follow-up of a randomized trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18:145.
  • van Velzen JM, van Bennekom C. a M, Polomski W, et al. Physical capacity and walking ability after lower limb amputation: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20:999–1016.
  • Renström P, Grimby G, Morelli B, et al. Thigh muscle atrophy in below-knee amputees. Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1983;9:150–162.
  • Sanderson DJ, Martin PE. Joint kinetics in unilateral below-knee amputee patients during running. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:1279–1285.
  • Czerniecki JM, Gitter A, Munro C. Joint moment and muscle power output characteristics of below knee amputees during running: the influence of energy storing prosthetic feet. J Biomech. 1991;24:63–75.
  • Nolan L, Lees A. Touch-down and take-off characteristics of the long jump performance of world level above- and below-knee amputee athletes. Ergonomics. 2000;43:1637–1650.
  • Nolan L, Lees A. The influence of lower limb amputation level on the approach in the amputee long jump. J Sports Sci. 2007;25:393–401.
  • Isakov E, Burger H, Gregoric M, et al. Stump length as related to atrophy and strength of the thigh muscles in trans-tibial amputees. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1996;20:96–100.
  • Jarvis HL, Bennett AN, Twiste M, et al. Temporal spatial and metabolic measures of walking in highly functional individuals with lower limb amputations. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;8(7):1389–1399.
  • Jeans KA, Browne RH, Karol LA. Effect of amputation level on energy expenditure during overground walking by children with an amputation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:49–56.
  • Czerniecki JM, Morgenroth DC. Metabolic energy expenditure of ambulation in lower extremity amputees: what have we learned and what are the next steps? Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39:143–151.
  • Sagawa Y, Turcot K, Armand S, et al. Biomechanics and physiological parameters during gait in lower-limb amputees: a systematic review. Gait Posture. 2011;33:511–526.
  • Prinsen EC, Nederhand MJ, Rietman JS. Adaptation strategies of the lower extremities of patients with a transtibial or transfemoral amputation during level walking: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92:1311–1325.
  • Schaarschmidt M, Lipfert SW, Meier-Gratz C, et al. Functional gait asymmetry of unilateral transfemoral amputees. Hum Mov Sci. 2012;31:907–917.
  • Yoder AJ, Petrella AJ, Silverman AK. Trunk-pelvis motion, joint loads, and muscle forces during walking with a transtibial amputation. Gait Posture. 2015;41:757–762.
  • Kendell C, Lemaire ED, Kofman J, et al. Gait adaptations of transfemoral prosthesis users across multiple walking tasks. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2016;40:89–95.
  • Aldridge JM, Sturdy JT, Wilken JM. Stair ascent kinematics and kinetics with a powered lower leg system following transtibial amputation. Gait Posture. 2012;36:291–295.
  • Marras WS, Walter BA, Purmessur D, et al. The contribution of biomechanical-biological interactions of the spine to low back pain. Hum Factors. 2016;58:965–975.
  • Gitter A, Czerniecki J, Meinders M. Effect of prosthetic mass on swing phase work during above-knee amputee ambulation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;76:114–121.
  • Czerniecki JM, Gitter AJ, Beck JC. Energy transfer mechanisms as a compensatory strategy in below knee amputee runners. J Biomech. 1996;29:717–722.
  • Rybar MM, Walker ER, Kuhnen HR, et al. The stroke-related effects of hip flexion fatigue on over ground walking. Gait Posture. 2014;39:1103–1108.
  • Ventura JD, Klute GK, Neptune RR. The effects of prosthetic ankle dorsiflexion and energy return on below-knee amputee leg loading. Clin Biomech Bristol Avon. 2011;26:298–303.
  • Fey NP, Klute GK, Neptune RR. Optimization of prosthetic foot stiffness to reduce metabolic cost and intact knee loading during below-knee amputee walking: a theoretical study. J Biomech Eng. 2012;134:111005.
  • Segal AD, Zelik KE, Klute GK, et al. The effects of a controlled energy storage and return prototype prosthetic foot on transtibial amputee ambulation. Hum Mov Sci. 2012;31:918–931.
  • Ingraham KA, Fey NP, Simon AM, et al. Assessing the relative contributions of active ankle and knee assistance to the walking mechanics of transfemoral amputees using a powered prosthesis. PloS One. 2016;11:e0147661.
  • Houdijk H, Pollmann E, Groenewold M, et al. The energy cost for the step-to-step transition in amputee walking. Gait Posture. 2009;30:35–40.
  • Neptune RR, Zajac FE, Kautz SA. Muscle force redistributes segmental power for body progression during walking. Gait Posture. 2004;19:194–205.
  • Hof AL, Nauta J, van der Knaap ER, et al. Calf muscle work and segment energy changes in human treadmill walking. J Electromyogr Kinesiol off J Int Soc Electrophysiol Kinesiol. 1992;2:203–216.
  • Creylman V, Knippels I, Janssen P, et al. Assessment of transfemoral amputees using a passive microprocessor-controlled knee versus an active powered microprocessor-controlled knee for level walking. Biomed Eng Online. 2016;15:142.
  • Giles LG, Taylor JR. Lumbar spine structural changes associated with leg length inequality. Spine. 1982;7:159–162.
  • Young RS, Andrew PD, Cummings GS. Effect of simulating leg length inequality on pelvic torsion and trunk mobility. Gait Posture. 2000;11:217–223.
  • Friberg O. Clinical symptoms and biomechanics of lumbar spine and hip joint in leg length inequality. Spine. 1983;8:643–651.
  • Yrjönen T, Hoikka V, Poussa M, et al. Leg-length inequality and low-back pain after Perthes' disease: a 28-47-year follow-up of 96 patients. J Spinal Disord. 1992;5:443–447.
  • Hellsing AL. Leg length inequality. A prospective study of young men during their military service. Ups J Med Sci. 1988;93:245–253.
  • Nadler SF, Wu KD, Galski T, et al. Low back pain in college athletes. A prospective study correlating lower extremity overuse or acquired ligamentous laxity with low back pain. Spine. 1998;23:828–833.
  • Soukka A, Alaranta H, Tallroth K, et al. Leg-length inequality in people of working age. The association between mild inequality and low-back pain is questionable. Spine. 1991;16:429–431.
  • Gurney B. Leg length discrepancy. Gait Posture. 2002;15:195–206.
  • De Luccia N, Pinto MA, Guedes JP, et al. Rehabilitation after amputation for vascular disease: a follow-up study. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1992;16:124–128.
  • Fletcher DD, Andrews KL, Butters MA, et al. Rehabilitation of the geriatric vascular amputee patient: a population-based study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82:776–779.
  • Fletcher DD, Andrews KL, Hallett JW, et al. Trends in rehabilitation after amputation for geriatric patients with vascular disease: implications for future health resource allocation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:1389–1393.
  • Houghton AD, Taylor PR, Thurlow S, et al. Success rates for rehabilitation of vascular amputees: implications for preoperative assessment and amputation level. Br J Surg. 1992;79:753–755.
  • Pohjolainen T, Alaranta H, Wikström J. Primary survival and prosthetic fitting of lower limb amputees. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1989;13:63–69.
  • Rommers GM, Vos LD, Groothoff JW, et al. Clinical rehabilitation of the amputee: a retrospective study. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1996;20:72–78.
  • Friberg O. Biomechanical significance of the correct length of lower limb prostheses: a clinical and radiological study. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1984;8:124–129.
  • Morgenroth DC, Orendurff MS, Shakir A, et al. The relationship between lumbar spine kinematics during gait and low-back pain in transfemoral amputees. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;89:635–643.
  • Aytar A, Pekyavas NO, Ergun N, et al. Is there a relationship between core stability, balance and strength in amputee soccer players? A pilot study. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2012;36:332–338.
  • Nadollek H, Brauer S, Isles R. Outcomes after trans-tibial amputation: the relationship between quiet stance ability, strength of hip abductor muscles and gait. Physiother Res Int. 2002;7:203–214.
  • Jones ME, Bashford GM, Bliokas VV. Weight-bearing, pain and walking velocity during primary transtibial amputee rehabilitation. Clin Rehabil. 2001;15:172–176.
  • Kristiansen MS, Uhrbrand A, Hansen M, et al. Concomitant changes in cross-sectional area and water content in skeletal muscle after resistance exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24:e260–e268.
  • Goldberg EJ, Requejo PS, Fowler EG. The effect of direct measurement versus cadaver estimates of anthropometry in the calculation of joint moments during above-knee prosthetic gait in pediatrics. J Biomech. 2008;41:695–700.
  • Snijders T, Smeets JSJ, van Kranenburg J, et al. Changes in myonuclear domain size do not precede muscle hypertrophy during prolonged resistance-type exercise training. Acta Physiol. 2016;216:231–239.
  • Tesch PA. Skeletal muscle adaptations consequent to long-term heavy resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20:S132–S134.
  • Deschenes MR, Kraemer WJ. Performance and physiologic adaptations to resistance training. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81:S3–S16.
  • Kell RT, Asmundson G. A comparison of two forms of periodized exercise rehabilitation programs in the management of chronic nonspecific low-back pain. J Strength Cond Res Natl Strength Cond Assoc. 2009;23:513–523.
  • Lauridsen HH, Hartvigsen J, Manniche C, et al. Responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference for pain and disability instruments in low back pain patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7:82.
  • Maughan EF, Lewis JS. Outcome measures in chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2010;19:1484–1494.
  • Steele J, Bruce-Low S, Smith D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of isolated lumbar extension exercise on lumbar kinematic pattern variability during gait in chronic low back pain. PM R. 2016;8:105–114.
  • Howe TE, Rochester L, Neil F, et al. Exercise for improving balance in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(11):CD004963.
  • Stoever K, Heber A, Eichberg S, et al. Influences of resistance training on physical function in older, obese men and women with sarcopenia. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2001;2016:20–27.
  • Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1334–1359.
  • American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 9th ed. Baltimore, (MD): Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
  • Vincent HK, Vincent KR, Seay AN, et al. Back strength predicts walking improvement in obese, older adults with chronic low back pain. PM R. 2014;6:418–426.
  • Hadała M, Gryckiewicz S. The effectiveness of lumbar extensor training: local stabilization or dynamic strengthening exercises. A review of literature. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2014;16:561–572.
  • Murao M, Tsuboi M, Nakajima M. Magnitude of muscle activity of the lumbar multifidus using the Core-Noodle device with varied upper extremity postures. BMR. 2016;29:533–539.
  • Hides JA, Stanton WR, McMahon S, et al. Effect of stabilization training on multifidus muscle cross-sectional area among young elite cricketers with low back pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008;38:101–108.
  • Kliziene I, Sipaviciene S, Klizas S, et al. Effects of core stability exercises on multifidus muscles in healthy women and women with chronic low-back pain. BMR. 2015;28:841–847.
  • Chan S-T, Fung P-K, Ng N-Y, et al. Dynamic changes of elasticity, cross-sectional area, and fat infiltration of multifidus at different postures in men with chronic low back pain. Spine J off J North Am Spine Soc. 2012;12:381–388.
  • Highsmith MJ, Goff LM, Lewandowski AL, et al. Low back pain in persons with lower extremity amputation: a systematic review of the literature. Spine J. 2019;19:552–563.
  • Helmhout PH, Witjes M, Nijhuis-VAN DER Sanden RW, et al. The effects of lumbar extensor strength on disability and mobility in patients with persistent low back pain. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2017;57:411–417.
  • Steele J, Bruce-Low S, Smith D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of limited range of motion lumbar extension exercise in chronic low back pain. Spine. 2013;38:1245–1252.
  • Sundstrup E, Jakobsen MD, Andersen CH, et al. Evaluation of elastic bands for lower extremity resistance training in adults with and without musculo-skeletal pain. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24:e353–e359.
  • Calatayud J, Casaña J, Martín F, et al. Trunk muscle activity during different variations of the supine plank exercise. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2017;28:54–58.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.