“It’s not a simple answer.” A qualitative study to explore how healthcare providers can best support families with a child with autism spectrum disorder and overweight or obesity

References

• Drum CE, Peterson JJ, Culley C, et al. Guidelines and criteria for the implementation of community-based health promotion programs for individuals with disabilities. Am J Health Promot. 2009;24(2):93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman A, Craig C. The place of physical activity in the WHO global strategy on diet and physical activity. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005;2:10–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogan A, McLellan L, Bauman A. Health promotion needs of young people with disabilities-a population study. Disabil Rehabil. 2000;22(8):352–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele C, Kalnins I, Jutai J, et al. Lifestyle health behaviours of 11-16 year old youth with physical disabilities. Health Educ Res. 1996;11(2):173–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neter JE, Schokker DF, de JE, et al. The prevalence of overweight and obesity and its determinants in children with and without disabilities. J Pediatr. 2011;158(5):735–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimmer JH, Yamaki K, Davis BM, et al. Obesity and overweight prevalence among adolescents with disabilities. Prev Chronic Dis. 2011;8(2):A41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjiyannakis S, Buchholz A, Chanoine JP, et al. The Edmonton Obesity Staging System for Pediatrics: a proposed clinical staging system for paediatric obesity. Paediatr Child Health. 2016;21(1):21–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simeonsson R, McMillen J, Huntington G. Secondary conditions in children with disabilities: spina bifida as a case example. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2002;8(3):198–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rimmer JH, Yamaki K, Lowry BD, et al. Obesity and obesity-related secondary conditions in adolescents with intellectual/developmental disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2010;54(9):787–794.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McPherson A, Keith R, Swift J. Obesity prevention for children with physical disabilities: a scoping review of physical activity and nutrition interventions. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36(19):1573–1587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jachyra P, Anagnostou E, Petta C, et al. Weighty conversations: caregivers', children's, and clinicians' perspectives and experiences of discussing weight-related topics in healthcare consultations. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018;11(11):1500–1510.
   Google Scholar
• McPherson A, Swift J, Peters M, et al. Communicating about obesity and weight-related topics with children with a physical disability and their families: spina bifida as an example. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(8):791–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5^®). Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Baio J, et al. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2020;69(4):1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin C, Jojic M, Bandini L. Obesity in children with autism spectrum disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22(2):93–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill AP, Zuckerman KE, Fombonne E. Obesity and autism. Pediatrics. 2015;136(6):1051–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyatt C, Craig C. Motor skills in children aged 7-10 years, diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42(9):1799–1809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Must A, Phillips S, Curtin C, et al. Comparison of sedentary behaviors between children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children. Autism. 2014;18(4):376–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shedlock Susi A, Gorman G, Hisle-Gorman E, et al. Autism spectrum disorders and metabolic complications of obesity. J Pediatr. 2016;178:183–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polfuss M, Johnson N, Bonis S, et al. Autism spectrum disorder and the child's weight-related behaviors: a parents' perspective. J Pediatr Nurs. 2016;31(6):598–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandini LG, Anderson SE, Curtin C, et al. Food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children. J Pediatr. 2010;157(2):259–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anagnostou E, Aman MG, Handen BL, et al. Metformin for treatment of overweight induced by atypical antipsychotic medication in young people with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(9):928–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Draft implementation plan for the recommendations of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity. [cited 2016 Nov]. Available from: http://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/commission-ending-childhood-obesity-draft-implementation-plan.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• Ball G, Ambler K, Keaschuk R, et al. Parents as Agents of Change (PAC) in pediatric weight management: the protocol for the PAC randomized clinical trial. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12(1):114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avis LSJ, Cave LA, Donaldson S, et al. Working with parents to prevent childhood obesity: protocol for a primary care-based eHealth study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2015;4(1):e35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farnesi BC, Newton AS, Holt N, et al. Exploring collaboration between clinicians and parents to optimize pediatric weight management. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;87(1):10–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abc3 T. The team to address bariatric care in Canadian children (Team ABC3): Team Grant Research Proposal. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Creswell J. Research design: qualiltative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. London: Sage; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Barlow S. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120(Supplement 4):S164–S192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord C, Rutter M, Dilavore PC, et al. Autism diagnostic observation schedule. Second Edition (ADOS-2) Manual (Part I): Modules 1–4. Torrance (CA): Western Psychological Services; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Draper A, Swift J. Qualitative research in nutrition and dietetics: data collection issues. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2011;24(1):3–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luther B, Christian B. Parent perceptions of health promotion for school-age children with spina bifida. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2017;22(1):e12168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesketh K, Waters E, Green J, et al. Healthy eating, activity and obesity prevention: a qualitative study of parent and child perceptions in Australia. Health Promot Int. 2005;20(1):19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health. 2019;11(4):589–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan G, Bernard H. Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods. 2003;15(1):85–109.
   Google Scholar
• Campos C, Duck M, McQuillan R, et al. Exploring the role of physiotherapists in the care of children with autism spectrum disorder. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2019;39(6):614–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenton A. Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. EFI. 2004;22(2):63–75.
   Google Scholar
• Ball G, Garcia A, Chanoine JP, et al. Should I stay or should I go? Understanding families' decisions regarding initiating, continuing, and terminating health services for managing pediatric obesity: the protocol for a multi-center, qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boshoff K, Gibbs D, Phillips R, et al. Parents' voices: 'Why and how we advocate'. A meta-synthesis of parents' experiences of advocating for their child with autism spectrum disorder. Child Care Health Dev. 2016;42(6):784–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham C, Kelly M, West R, et al. The UK national institute for health and clinical excellence public health guidance on behaviour change: a brief introduction. Psychol Health Med. 2009;14(1):1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen I, LeBlanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7(1):40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden NH, Abrams SA, Committee on Nutrition. Optimizing bone health in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2014;134(4):e1229–e1243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay M, Perez AJ, Rasquinha AM, et al. Recommendations from parents to improve health services for managing pediatric obesity in Canada. Acad Pediatr. 2016;16(6):587–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pont S, Puhl R, Cook S, Section on obesity, et al. Stigma experienced by children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics. 2017;140(6):e20173034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelalian E, Boergers J, Alday CS, et al. Survey of physician attitudes and practices related to pediatric obesity. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2003;42(3):235–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edvardsson K, Edvardsson D, Hörnsten Å. Raising issues about children's overweight-maternal and child health nurses' experiences. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(12):2542–2551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls M, Broder-Fingert S, Feinberg E, et al. Prevention and management of obesity in children with autism spectrum disorder among primary care pediatricians. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018;48(7):2408–2417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin C, Jojic M, Bandini L. Obesity in children with autism spectrum disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatr. 2014;22:93–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton M. Qualitative analysis and interpretation. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Sharabi A, Marom-Golan D. Social support, education levels, and parents’ involvement: a comparison between mothers and fathers of young children with autism spectrum disorder. Topics Early Child Spec Educ. 2018;38(1):54–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivet TT, Matson JL. Gender differences in core symptomatology in autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2011;23(5):399–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tint A, Weiss JA, Lunsky Y. Identifying the clinical needs and patterns of health service use of adolescent girls and women with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 2017;10(9):1558–1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar