694
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

The effectiveness of aerobic versus strengthening exercise therapy in individuals with chronic whiplash-associated disorder: a randomised single case experimental design study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 3519-3528 | Received 19 Dec 2021, Accepted 18 Sep 2022, Published online: 29 Sep 2022

References

  • Sterling M. Physiotherapy management of whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). J Physiother. 2014;60(1):5–12.
  • Commission MAI. Annual report 2011–2012. Brisbane, Australia; 2012.
  • Pedler A, Sterling M. Patients with chronic whiplash can be subgrouped on the basis of symptoms of sensory hypersensitivity and posttraumatic stress. Pain. 2013;154(9):1640–1648.
  • Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, et al. Development of motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury. Pain. 2003;103(1):65–73.
  • Campbell L, Smith A, McGregor L, et al. Psychological factors and the development of chronic whiplash-associated disorder(s): a systematic review. Clin J Pain. 2018;34(8):755–768.
  • O'Riordan C, Clifford A, Van De Ven P, et al. Chronic neck pain and exercise interventions: frequency, intensity, time, and type principle. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(4):770–783.
  • Blanpied PR, Gross AR, Elliott JM, et al. Neck pain: revision 2017: clinical practice guidelines linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017;47(7):A1–A83.
  • State Insurance Regulatory Authority. Guidelines for the management of acute whiplash-associated disorders – for health professionals. 3rd edn. Sydney; 2014.
  • Jull G, Sterling M, Kenardy J, et al. Does the presence of sensory hypersensitivity influence outcomes of physical rehabilitation for chronic whiplash?–A preliminary RCT. Pain. 2007;129(1–2):28–34.
  • Michaleff ZA, Maher CG, Lin C-WC, et al. Comprehensive physiotherapy exercise programme or advice for chronic whiplash (PROMISE): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;384(9938):133–141.
  • Stewart MJ, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of exercise for chronic whiplash-associated disorders. Pain. 2007;128(1–2):59–68.
  • Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin J-P, Cervical Overview Group, et al. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1:CD004250.
  • Smith A, Ritchie C, Pedler A, et al. Exercise induced hypoalgesia is elicited by isometric, but not aerobic exercise in individuals with chronic whiplash associated disorders. Scand J Pain. 2017;15(1):14–21.
  • Owen PJ, Miller CT, Mundell NL, et al. Which specific modes of exercise training are most effective for treating low back pain? Network meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(21):1279–1287.
  • de Zoete RM, Armfield NR, McAuley JH, et al. Comparative effectiveness of physical exercise interventions for chronic non-specific neck pain: a systematic review with network meta-analysis of 40 randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(13):730–742.
  • Hayden JA, Ellis J, Ogilvie R, et al. Some types of exercise are more effective than others in people with chronic low back pain: a network meta-analysis. J Physiother. 2021;67(4):252–262.
  • Manolov R, Onghena P. Analyzing data from single-case alternating treatments designs. Psychol Methods. 2018;23(3):480–504.
  • Kazdin AE. Single-case research designs: methods for clinical and applied settings. 3rd ed. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2021.
  • de Jong JR, Vlaeyen JWS, Onghena P, et al. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain: education or exposure in vivo as mediator to fear reduction? Clin J Pain. 2005;21(1):9–17.
  • Azrin NH, Peterson AL. Treatment of Tourette syndrome by habit reversal: a waiting-list control group comparison. Behav Ther. 1990;21(3):305–318.
  • Peterson L, Tremblay G, Ewigman B, et al. The parental daily diary. A sensitive measure of the process of change in a child maltreatment prevention program. Behav Modif. 2002;26(5):627–647.
  • Childs JD, Cleland JA, Elliott JM, et al. Neck pain: clinical practice guidelines linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008;38(9):A1–A34.
  • Staud R, Robinson ME, Price DD. Isometric exercise has opposite effects on central pain mechanisms in fibromyalgia patients compared to normal controls. Pain. 2005;118(1–2):176–184.
  • Burrows NJ, Booth J, Sturnieks DL, et al. Acute resistance exercise and pressure pain sensitivity in knee osteoarthritis: a randomised crossover trial. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2014;22(3):407–414.
  • Fernandes G, Jennings F, Nery Cabral MV, et al. Swimming improves pain and functional capacity of patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(8):1269–1275.
  • Hoeger Bement MK, Weyer A, Hartley S, et al. Pain perception after isometric exercise in women with fibromyalgia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(1):89–95.
  • Kosek E, Roos EM, Ageberg E, et al. Increased pain sensitivity but normal function of exercise induced analgesia in hip and knee osteoarthritis – treatment effects of neuromuscular exercise and total joint replacement. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21(9):1299–1307.
  • Onghena P, Edgington ES. Customization of pain treatments: single-case design and analysis. Clin J Pain. 2005;21(1):56–68.
  • Krasny-Pacini A, Evans J. Single-case experimental designs to assess intervention effectiveness in rehabilitation: a practical guide. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2018;61(3):164–179.
  • Kratochwill TR, Hitchcock JH, Horner RH, et al. Single-case intervention research design standards. Remedial Spec Educ. 2013;34(1):26–38.
  • Tate RL, Perdices M, Rosenkoetter U, et al. The single-case reporting guideline in BEhavioural interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 statement. J Sch Psychol. 2016;56:133–142.
  • Spitzer WO, Skovron ML, Salmi LR, et al. Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining "whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20(8 Suppl):1s–73s.
  • Lins L, Carvalho FM. SF-36 total score as a single measure of health-related quality of life: scoping review. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4:2050312116671725.
  • Godin G. The Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. Health Fit J Can. 2011;4(1):18–22.
  • Godin G, Shephard RJ. A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1985;10(3):141–146.
  • Peek K, Sanson-Fisher R, Mackenzie L, et al. Interventions to aid patient adherence to physiotherapist prescribed self-management strategies: a systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2016;102(2):127–135.
  • Moeyaert M, Yang P, Xu X. The power to explain variability in intervention effectiveness in single-case research using hierarchical linear modeling. Perspect Behav Sci. 2022;45(1):13–35.
  • Vlaeyen JWS, de Jong J, Geilen M, et al. The treatment of fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain: further evidence on the effectiveness of exposure in vivo. Clin J Pain. 2002;18(4):251–61261.
  • Vlaeyen JWS. Pain-related fear: exposure-based treatment for chronic pain. Seattle: IASP Press; 2012.
  • Nazari G, MacDermid JC, Sinden KE, et al. Inter-instrument reliability and agreement of Fitbit charge measurements of heart rate and activity at rest, during the modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test, and in recovery. Physiother Can. 2019;71(3):197–206.
  • Hoeger WW, Hopkins DR, Barette SL, et al. Relationship between repetitions and selected percentages of one repetition maximum: a comparison between untrained and trained males and females. J Strength Cond Res. 1990;4(2):47–54.
  • Newcomb LW, Koltyn KF, Morgan WP, et al. Influence of preferred versus prescribed exercise on pain in fibromyalgia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(6):1106–1113.
  • Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14(7):409–415.
  • Nordin M, Carragee EJ, Hogg-Johnson S, et al. Assessment of neck pain and its associated disorders. Eur Spine J. 2008;17(S1):101–122.
  • Smith JD. Single-case experimental designs: a systematic review of published research and current standards. Psychol Methods. 2012;17(4):510–550.
  • Nikles J, Mitchell G. The essential guide to N-of-1 trials in health. Dordrecht: Springer; 2015.
  • Jamshidi L, Heyvaert M, Declercq L, et al. Methodological quality of meta-analyses of single-case experimental studies. Res Dev Disabil. 2018;79:97–115.
  • Lane JD, Gast DL. Visual analysis in single case experimental design studies: brief review and guidelines. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2014;24(3–4):445–463.
  • Solanas A, Manolov R, Onghena P. Estimating slope and level change in N = 1 designs. Behav Modif. 2010;34(3):195–218.
  • Solanas A, Manolov R, Sierra V. Lag-one autocorrelation in short series: estimation and hypotheses testing. Psicológica. 2010;31(2):357–381.
  • Natesan Batley P, Hedges LV. Accurate models vs. accurate estimates: a simulation study of Bayesian single-case experimental designs. Behav Res Methods. 2021;53(4):1782–1798.
  • Box GEP, et al. Time series analysis: forecasting and control. 5th ed. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley and Sons Inc.; 2015.
  • Center BA, Skiba RJ, Casey A. A methodology for the quantitative synthesis of intra-subject design research. J Spec Educ. 1985;19(4):387–400.
  • Tanious R, Onghena P. Randomized single-case experimental designs in healthcare research: what, why, and how? Healthcare. 2019;7(4):143.
  • Edgington ES, Onghena P. Randomization tests (statistics: a textbooks and monographs) 4th ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2007. p. 269–269.
  • Sterling M, Smeets R, Keijzers G, et al. Physiotherapist-delivered stress inoculation training integrated with exercise versus physiotherapy exercise alone for acute whiplash-associated disorder (StressModex): a randomised controlled trial of a combined psychological/physical intervention. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(19):1240–1247.
  • Brossart DF, Parker RI, Olson EA, et al. The relationship between visual analysis and five statistical analyses in a simple AB single-case research design. Behav Modif. 2006;30(5):531–563.
  • Kazdin AE. Single-case experimental designs: characteristics, changes, and challenges. J Exp Anal Behav. 2021;115(1):56–85.
  • Declercq L, Cools W, Beretvas SN, et al. MultiSCED: a tool for (meta-)analyzing single-case experimental data with multilevel modeling. Behav Res Methods. 2020;52(1):177–192.
  • Guo Y, Logan HL, Glueck DH, et al. Selecting a sample size for studies with repeated measures. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13:100.
  • Gross AR, Paquin JP, Dupont G, et al. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders: a Cochrane review update. Man Ther. 2016;24:25–45.
  • de Zoete RMJ, Brown L, Oliveira K, et al. The effectiveness of general physical exercise for individuals with chronic neck pain a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Physiother. 2020;22(3):141–147.
  • Griffin A, Leaver A, Moloney N. General exercise does not improve long-term pain and disability in individuals with whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017;47(7):472–480.
  • Monticone M, Baiardi P, Vanti C, et al. Chronic neck pain and treatment of cognitive and behavioural factors: results of a randomised controlled clinical trial. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(8):1558–1566.
  • Eather A, Kenardy J, Healy KL, et al. How are pain and traumatic stress symptoms related in acute whiplash-associated disorders? An investigation of the role of pain-related fear in a daily diary study. Pain. 2019;160(9):1954–1966.
  • Irgens P, Kongsted A, Myhrvold BL, et al. Neck pain patterns and subgrouping based on weekly SMS-derived trajectories. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):678.
  • Louw S, Makwela S, Manas L, et al. Effectiveness of exercise in office workers with neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. S Afr J Physiother. 2017;73(1):392.
  • Bertozzi L, Gardenghi I, Turoni F, et al. Effect of therapeutic exercise on pain and disability in the management of chronic nonspecific neck pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Phys Ther. 2013;93(8):1026–1036.
  • Miller J, Gross A, D'Sylva J, et al. Manual therapy and exercise for neck pain: a systematic review. Man Ther. 2010;15(4):334–354.
  • Sterling M, de Zoete RMJ, Coppieters I, et al. Best evidence rehabilitation for chronic pain. Part 4: neck pain. J Clin Med. 2019;8(8):1219.
  • Ritchie C, Hendrikz J, Kenardy J, et al. Derivation of a clinical prediction rule to identify both chronic moderate/severe disability and full recovery following whiplash injury. Pain. 2013;154(10):2198–2206.
  • Sterling M, Jull G, Kenardy J. Physical and psychological factors maintain long-term predictive capacity post-whiplash injury. Pain. 2006;122(1–2):102–108.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.