Organizational ethics in urgent transfers of severely disabled people to intensive care units – a qualitative study

References

• Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences. COVID-19 pandemic: triage for intensive-care treatment under resource scarcity. Swiss Med Wkly. 2020;150:w20229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons JA, Johal HK. Best interests versus resource allocation: could COVID-19 cloud decision-making for the cognitively impaired? J Med Ethics. 2020;46(7):447–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprung CL, Geber D, Eidelman LA, et al. Evaluation of triage decisions for intensive care admission. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(6):1073–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrouste-Orgeas M, Montuclard L, Timsit JF, et al. Triaging patients to the ICU: a pilot study of factors influencing admission decisions and patient outcomes. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(5):774–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert R, Coudroy R, Ragot S, et al. Influence of ICU-bed availability on ICU admission decisions. Ann Intensive Care. 2015;5(1):55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gessler F, Lehmann F, Bösel J, et al. Triage and allocation of neurocritical care resources during the COVID 19 pandemic – a national survey. Front Neurol. 2020;11:609227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacorossi L, Fauci AJ, Napoletano A, et al. Triage protocol for allocation of critical health resources during covid-19 pandemic and public health emergencies. A narrative review. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(4):e2020162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liddell K, Skopek JM, Palmer S, et al. Who gets the ventilator? Important legal rights in a pandemic. J Med Ethics. 2020;46(7):421–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Fort M, Espagnacq M, Albert T, et al. Risk of pressure ulcers in tetraplegic people: a french survey crossing regional experience with a long-term follow-up. Eur J Public Health. 2018;28(6):993–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Circulaire DHOS/SDO/01/DGS/SD5D/DGAS/PHAN/3. B n° 2004-280 du 18 juin 2004 relative à la filière de prise en charge sanitaire, médico-sociale et sociale des traumatisés crânio-cérébraux et des traumatisés médullaires. [cited 2020 May 08]. http://circulaire.legifrance.gouv.fr/pdf/2009/04/cir_16188.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bucher R, Strauss A. Professions in process. Am J Sociology. 1961;66(4):325–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope C, Mays N. Qualitative research: reaching the parts other methods cannot reach: an introduction to qualitative methods in health and health services research. BMJ. 1995;311(6996):42–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossey E, Harvey C, McDermott F, et al. Understanding and evaluating qualitative research. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002;36(6):717–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton L, Kurinczuk JJ, Ziebland S. Reassured or fobbed off? Perspectives on infertility consultation in primary care: a qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract. 2012;62(599):e438-e-445–e445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziebland S, McPherson A. Making sense of qualitative data analysis: an introduction with illustrations from DIPEx (personal experiences of health and illness). Med Educ. 2006 May;40(5):405–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser BG, Strauss AL. The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. Copyright BGG & ALS 1967, 1995, Copyright BGG & Frances Strauss 1999; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Charon JM. Symbolic interactionism: an introduction, an interpretation, an integration. Boston: Pearson; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• De Queiroz JM, Ziolkovski M. L’interactionnisme symbolique. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Handberg C, Voss AK. Implementing augmentative and alternative communication in critical care settings: perspectives of healthcare professionals. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(1-2):102–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteley A. Grounded research: a modified grounded theory for the business setting. Qual Res J. 2004;4(1):27–46.
   Google Scholar
• Kambaru A. Qualitative research and a modified grounded theory approach. The Tsuru University Rev. 2018;(88):47–58.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss A, Schatzman L, Bucher R, et al. The hospital and its negotiated order. In Freidson E, editor. The hospital in modern society. New York: Free Press; 1963. p. 147–168.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss A, Fagerhaugh S, Susczek B, et al. Social organization of medical work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1985. p. 8–39.
   Google Scholar
• Paganini MC, Bousso RS. Nurses’ autonomy in end-of-life situations in intensive care units. Nurs Ethics. 2015;22(7):803–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borel M, Veber B, Robillard F, et al. Admission of elderly in intensive care: does age affect access to care? Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2008;27(6):472–480.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammond FM, Horn SD, Smout RJ, et al. Readmission to acute care hospital during inpatient rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(8 Suppl):S293–S303.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neves NMBC, Bitencourt F, Bitencourt AGV. Ethical dilemmas in COVID-19 times: how to decide who lives and who dies? Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2020;66(Suppl 2):106–111.
   Google Scholar
• Whyte J, Gosseries O, Chervoneva I, et al. Predictors of short-term outcome in brain-injured patients with disorders of consciousness. Prog Brain Res. 2009;177:63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz DI, Polyak M, Coughlan D, et al. Natural history of recovery from brain injury after prolonged disorders of consciousness: outcome of patients admitted to inpatient rehabilitation with 1-4 year follow-up. Prog Brain Res. 2009;177:73–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertsen A, Helseth E, Førde R. Inter-physician variability in strategies linked to treatment limitations after severe traumatic brain injury: proactivity or wait-and-see. BMC Med Ethics. 2021;22(1):43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Recommendations for the admission of patients with COVID-19 to intensive care and intermediate care units (ICUs and IMCUs). Swiss Med Wkly. 2020;150:w20227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Società Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva (SIAARTI). Raccomandazioni Di Etica Clinica Per L’ammissione A Trattamenti Intensivi E Per La Loro Sospensione, In Condizioni Eccezionali Di Squilibrio Tra Necessita E Risorse Disponibili [Italian]. 2020. [cited 2020 Apr 12]. http://www.siaarti.it/SiteAssets/News/COVID19%20-%20documenti%20SIAARTI/SIAARTI%20-%20Covid19%20-%20Raccomandazioni%20di%20etica%20clinica.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham P, Courvoisier DS, Annweiler C, et al. Bollen pinto B1. Validation of the clinical frailty score (CFS) in french language. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari A, Manotti P, Balestrino A, et al. The ethics of organizational change in healthcare. Acta Biomed. 2018;89(1):27–30.
   Google Scholar
• Jöbges S, Vinay R, Luyckx VA, et al. Recommendations on COVID-19 triage: international comparison and ethical analysis. Bioethics. 2020;34(9):948–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dos Santos MJ, Martins MS, Santana FLP, et al. COVID-19: instruments for the allocation of mechanical ventilators-a narrative review. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhlmann TR, Pearlman RA. Perceived quality of life and preferences for life-sustaining treatment in older adults. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151(3):495–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno M-A, Bernheim JL, Ledoux D, et al. A survey on self-assessed well-being in a cohort of chronic locked-in syndrome patients: happy majority, miserable minority. BMJ Open. 2011;1(1):e000039. 000039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss A. A social world perspective. In: Denzin N, editor. Symbolic interaction. Vol. 1. Greenwich (CT): JAI Press; 1978. p. 119–128.
   Google Scholar
• Azoulay E, Pochard F, Chevret S, et al. Compliance with triage to intensive care recommendations. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(11):2132–2136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of biomedical ethics. 8th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2019. p. 496.
   Google Scholar
• Herreros B, Gella P, Real de Asua D. Triage during the COVID-19 epidemic in Spain: better and worse ethical arguments. J Med Ethics. 2020;46(7):455–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stowell A, Claret PG, Sebbane M, et al. Hospital out-lying through lack of beds and its impact on care and patient outcome. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2013;21:17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrouste-Orgeas M, Montuclard L, Timsit JF, et al. Predictors of intensive care unit refusal in french intensive care units: a multiple-center study. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(4):750–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graf J, Janssens U. Still a black box: what do we really know about the intensive care unit admission process and its consequences? Crit Care Med. 2005;33(4):901–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paraizo CB, Bégin L. Organizational ethics in health settings. Cien Saude Colet. 2020;25(1):251–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar