204
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Army Training: The Environmental Gains Resulting from the Adoption of Alternatives to Traditional Training Methods

Pages 245-265 | Published online: 03 Aug 2010

  • Army Model and Simulation Office (AMSO) . 1997 . The Army's Vision far Models and Simulations after Next Headquarters , Washington, DC : Department of the Army .
  • Army Technology . 1998 . “ Current Projects and Developments--MLRS ” . (http://www.army-technology.com/projects/mlrs/index.htm) (accessed 19 June 1998)
  • Behrens , A. 1973 . Fossils in danger . Geographical Magazine , 45 : 898 – 899 .
  • Blacksell , M. and Reynolds , F. 1987 . “ Military training in national parks: a question of land use conflict and national priorities ” . In The Geography of Defence , Edited by: Batemen , M. and Riley , R. London : Croom Helm .
  • Cope , AM. and Doxford , D. 1997 . Visitor monitoring: the Otterburn training area . Managing Leisure , 2 (4) : 217 – 229 .
  • Court , S.C. British military simulation technology and its applications . Proceedings of the International Symposium on Defence and the Environment . Brussels : NATO . University of Wales Swansea, CCMS Report No. 211
  • De Koning , P.C. 1992 . A Sustainable Relation between the Environment and the Armed Forces , Netherlands Ministry of Defence .
  • Defence Committee . 1995 . The Defence Estate Vols I and II, Session 94/95 , Vols I , London : HMSO .
  • Diersing , V.E. , Shaw , R.B. and Tazik , D.J. 1992 . US Army land condition-trend analysis (LCTA) program . Environmental Management , 16 (3) : 405 – 414 .
  • Diersing , V.E. , Shaw , R.B. , Warren , S.D. and Novak , E.W. 1988 . A user's guide for estimating allowable use of tracked vehicles on nonwooded military training lands . Journal of Soil and Water Conservation , 43 : 191 – 195 .
  • Doxford , D. A comparison of land-use, access and conservation in military training areas in France, Switzerland and the UK . Proceedings of the International Symposium on Defence and the Environment . Brussels : University of Wales Swansea . CCMS Report No. 211 NATO
  • Doxford , D. and Hill , A.I. 1998 . Land use for military training in the UK . Journal of Environmental Planning and Management , 41 (3) : 279 – 297 .
  • Doxford , D. and Savege , J. 1995 . The proposed development of Otterburn military training area in Northumberland national park: a national perspective . Journal of Environmental Planning and Management , 38 (4) : 551 – 560 .
  • Gjestiand , T. , Liasjø , K.H. and Graneden , I.L.N. 1995 . Community response to noise from short-term military aircraft exercise . Journal of Sound and Vibration , 182 (2) : 221 – 228 .
  • Hapgood , F. 1997 . SIMNET . Wired , 5 (4) : 116 – 118 . 166 – 167 .
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies . 1997 . The Military Balance 1997-1998 , London : Brassey .
  • Johnson , F.L. 1982 . Effects of tank training activities on botanical features at Fort Hood, Texas . Southwestern Naturalist , 27 (3) : 309 – 314 .
  • Kemple , W.G. and Larson , H.J. 1996 . Computer visualization of battlefield tenets . Mathematical and Computer Modelling , 23 (1-2) : 25 – 37 .
  • Kilmer , R.A. 1996 . Applications of artificial neural networks to combat simulations . Mathematical and Computer Modelling , 23 (1-2) : 91 – 99 .
  • Larson , H.J. , Kemple , W. and Dryer , W.A. 1996 . Graphical displays of synchronization of tactical units . Mathematical and Computer Modelling , 23 (1-2) : 15 – 24 .
  • Mastaglio , T.W. and Callahan , R. 1995 . A large-scale complex environment for team training . Computer , 28 : 49 – 56 .
  • Miller , D.C. and Thorpe , J.A. 1995 . Simnet-the advent of simulator networking . Proceedings of the IEEE , 83 : 1114 – 1123 .
  • Ministry of Defence (MoD) . 1997a . AS90 and MLRS Training Requirements MoD/P/2, Proof of Evidence to Otterburn Public Inquiry , Department of the Environment Reference No. N/.P/R2900/222/97/1 Government Office North East .
  • MoD . 1997b . UK Army Training Requirements MoD/P/1, Proof of Evidence to Otterburn Public Inquiry , Department of the Environment Reference No. N/.P/R2900/222/97/1 Government Office North East .
  • MoD . 1997c . I/MOD/39, Memorandum to Otterburn Public Inquiry , Department of the Environment Reference No. N/.P/R2900/222/97/1 Government Office North East .
  • Morris , R.J. 1997 . Measuring standards of collective performance in the British Army , Royal College of Defence Studies .
  • Müller , U. 1996 . Simulationskonzept des Waffensystems Artillerie unter Berücksichtigung betriebswirtschaftlich oreintierter Aspekte , Militärische Führungsschule . unpublished
  • Murty , K.G. , Djang , P. , Butler , W. and Laferriere , R. 1995 . The army training mix model . Journal of the Operational Research Society , 46 : 294 – 303 .
  • Muzny , M.J. Environmental costs of a live and a simulated exercise . Simulation: A Challenge or a Benefit? Proceedings of the Seminar . January 6-7 1997 , Oberammergau, Germany. Brussels : NATO-CCMS . CCMS Report No. 217
  • Nagelhout , C.J. Use of simulators as a means of reducing environmental impacts caused by military activities . Simulation: A Challenge or a Benefit? Proceedings of the Seminar . January 6-7 1997 , Oberammergau, Germany. Brussels : NATO-CCMS . CCMS Report No. 217
  • Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Flans . 1998 . The United States Army Modernization Plan , Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
  • Owens , S. 1990 . Defence and the environment: the impacts of military live firing in national parks . Cambridge Journal of Economics , 14 : 497 – 505 .
  • Paragon . 1996 . Striking a Balance: A Report on the Management of Major Army Training Areas , Paragon Communications for Headquarters Land Command .
  • Proctor , M.D. and Paulo , G. 1996 . Modelling in support of operational testing . Mathematical Computer Modelling , 23 (1/2) : 9 – 14 .
  • Prose , D.V. 1985 . Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert . Environmental Geology and Water Science , 7 : 163 – 170 .
  • Ripley , T. 1997 . Military simulation--the virtual battlefield for the 21st century . Global Defence Review , (http://www.global-defence-review.com/MilitarySimulation.htm) (accessed 2 May 1998)
  • Savege , J. 1997 . Soldiers, stone curlews and SSSIs--maintaining the balance . ECOS , 18 : 68 – 74 .
  • Savege , J. , Brotherton , D.I. and Owens , P.L. 1995a . London Defence Study 26: The Future for the Defence Estate: Changing Demands for Army Training , London : Brassey .
  • Savege , J. , Brotherton , D.I. and Owens , P.L. UK army training facilities into the 21st century: a growing environmental concern . Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Environment and Defence . Brussels : University of Wales Swansea . CCMS Report No. 211 NATO
  • Schomer , P.D. and Wagner , L.R. 1995 . Human and community response to military sounds--part 2: results from field-laboratory tests of sounds of small arms, 25 mm cannons, helicopters and blasts . Noise Control Engineering Journal , 43 : 1 – 14 .
  • Schomer , P.D. , Wagner , L.R. , Benson , L.J. , Buchta , E. , Hirsch , K.W. and Krahe , D. 1994 . Human and community response to military sounds: results from field-laboratory tests of small arms, tracked-vehicle and blast sounds . Noise Control Engineering Journal , 42 : 71 – 84 .
  • Seidenman , P. 1998 . Upgraded laser-tag simulation offers army realistic training . National Defense , April : 30 – 31 .
  • Severinghaus , W.D. and Severinghaus , M.C. 1982 . Effects of tracked vehicle activity on bird populations . Environmental Management , 6 : 163 – 169 .
  • Shaw , R.B. and Diersing , V.E. 1989 . Allowable use estimates for tracked vehicular training on Pinon Canyon maneuver site, Colorado, USA . Environmental Management , 13 : 773 – 782 .
  • Shaw , R.B. and Diersing , V.E. 1990 . Tracked vehicle impacts on vegetation at the Pinon Canyon maneuver site, Colorado . Journal of Environmental Quality , 19 : 234 – 243 .
  • Shaw , R.B. and Kowalski , DG. 1996 . US Army Training Lands: A National Survey , Center for Ecological Management of Military Lands Technical Publication 95-9 Fort Collins, CO : Center for Ecological Management of Military Lands .
  • Shaw , R.B. and Laven , R.D. 1993 . Environmental regulatory compliance on army lands--a case study . Environmental Management , 17 : 387 – 393 .
  • Shaw , R.B. , Castillo , J.M. and Laven , R.D. Impact of wildfire on vegetation and rare plants within the Kipuka Kalawamauna endangered plants habitat area, Pohakuloa training area, Hawaii . Proceedings-Fire Effects on Rare and Endangered Species and Habitats Conference . Nov. 13-16 1995 , Coeur d'Alene, ID.
  • Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command (STRICOM) . 1998 . “ Products and Services ” . (http://www.stricom.army.mil/PRODUCTS) (accessed 19 June 1998)
  • Stalmaster , M.V. and Kaiser , J.L. 1997 . Flushing responses of wintering bald eagles to military activity . Journal of Wildlife Management , 6 : 1307 – 1313 .
  • Stephenson , T.R. , Vaughan , M.R. and Anderson , D.E. 1996 . Mule deer movements in response to military activity in southeast Colorado . Journal of Wildlife Management , 60 : 777 – 787 .
  • Sterling , B. 1993 . “ Wer is Virtual Hell ” . (http://www.seas.gwu.edu/seas/fa53/wivhJitm) (accessed 28 November 1997)
  • Swiss Army . 1997 . Vorstudie für eine Interierte Artillerie Simulation 2000 (IAS 2000) , Bern : General Stab .
  • Swiss Federal Department of Defence . 1995 . Armed Forces in Transition-Prepared for the Future: Summary of Swiss Armed Forces' White Paper , Bern : Swiss Federal Department of Defence .
  • Tazik , DJ. 1991 . Effects of Army Training Activities on Bird Communities at the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Colorado, US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Report N-91/31 , Champaign, IL : CERL .
  • Trumbull , V.L. , Dubois , P.C. , Brozka , R.J. and Guyette , R. 1994 . Military camping impacts on vegetation and soils of the Ozark Plateau . Journal of Environmental Management , 40 : 329 – 339 .
  • Tucker , J.L. , Rideout , D.B. and Shaw , R.B. 1998 . Using linear programming to optimize rehabilitation and restoration of injured land: an application to US Army training sites . Journal of Environmental Management , 52 (2) : 173 – 182 .
  • Van Horne , B. and Sharpe , P.B. 1998 . Effects of tracking by armored vehicles on Townsend's ground squirrels in the Orchard Training Area, Idaho, USA . Environmental Management , 22 : 617 – 623 .
  • Vertegaal , P.J.M. 1989 . Environmental impact of Dutch military activities . Environmental Conservation , 16 : 54 – 64 .
  • Walsh , B.W. 1990 . War games and multiple land use . American Forests , November/December : 21 – 23 . 74 – 75 .
  • Walsh , P. and Tierno , M.E . 1995 . Military land use in the USA, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Defence and the Environment , University of Wales Swansea, CCMS Report No. 211 Brussels : NATO .
  • Westing , A.H. 1988 . The military sector vis-à-vis the environment . Journal of Peace Research , 25 : 257 – 264 .
  • Westing , A.H. 1992 . Protected natural areas and the military . Environmental Conservation , 19 : 343 – 348 .
  • Whitecotton , R.C.A. , David , M.B. , Darmody , R.G. and Price , D.L. 2000 . Impact of foot traffic from military training on soil and vegetation properties . Environmental Management , 26 (6) : 697 – 706 .
  • Wiehagen , G.B. Simulators and simulation: possibilities and limits . Simulation: A Challenge or a Benefit? Proceedings of the Seminar . January 6-7 1997 , Oberammergau, Germany. Brussels : NATO--CCMS . CCMS Report No. 217
  • Wolff , E. 1997 . Study on Military Lands in Europe: Rehabilitation and Use for Conservation, Report for the Meeting of lUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas Rugen (unpublished)
  • Woodward , R. 1997 . Guardian of the wilderness? The army's portrayal of the Otterburn training area . ECOS , 18 (1) : 75 – 81 .
  • Woodward , R. 1999 . Gunning for rural England: the politics of the promotion of military land use in the Northumberland national park . Journal of Rural Studies , 15 (1) : 17 – 33 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.