The European union as first mover in the market for greenhouse gas emissions permits

References

• Asheim , G. B. , Bretteville Froyn , C. , Hovi , J. and Menz , F. C. 2006 . Regional versus global cooperation for climate control . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 51 : 93 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson , S. E. and Tietenberg , T. H. 1982 . The empirical properties of two classes of designs for transferable discharge permit markets . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 9 ( 2 ) : 101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azar , C. and Schneider , S. H. 2002 . Are the economic costs of stabilising the atmosphere prohibitive? . Ecological Economics , 42 : 73 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumol , W. J. and Oates , W. E. 1988 . The Theory of Environmental Policy: Externalities, Public Outlays and the Quality of Life , 2nd edn. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Betz , R. , Eichhammer , W. , Jochem , E. and Schön , M. 1999 . “ The Kyoto target of the EU: implications of the burden sharing and the greenhouse gas basket for CO2. Emissions in the Member States ” . In The Shared Analysis Project , vol. 11 , Karlsruhe : Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research .
   Google Scholar
• Bodansky , D. 2004 . “ International climate efforts beyond 2012: a survey of approaches ” . Washington, DC : PEW Centre on Global Climate Change .
   Google Scholar
• Bohm , P. 1999 . “ International greenhouse gas emission trading—with special reference to the Kyoto Protocol ” . Study commissioned by Nordic Council of Ministers (Copenhagen) (extended version published as TemaNord 1999, p. 506)
   Google Scholar
• Bohm , P. and Larsen , B. 1994 . Fairness in a tradable-permit treaty for carbon emission reductions in Europe and the Former Soviet Union . Environmental and Resource Economics , 4 : 219 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Böhringer , C. , Hoffmann , T. , Lange , A. , Löschel , A. and Moslener , U. 2004 . “ Assessing emission allocation in Europe: an interactive simulation approach ” . Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung, ZEW (Centre for European Economic Research), Discussion Paper No. 04-40
   Google Scholar
• Böhringer , C. and Lange , A. 2004 . “ Mission impossible!? On the harmonization of national allocation plans under the EU Emissions Trading Directive ” . Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung, ZEW (Centre for European Economic Research), Discussion Paper No. 04-15
   Google Scholar
• Böhringer , C. and Löschel , A. 2003 . Market power and hot air in international emissions trading: the impacts of US withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol . Applied Economics , 35 : 651 – 663 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böhringer , C. and Löschel , A. 2005 . Climate policy beyond Kyoto: quo vadis? A computable general equilibrium analysis based on expert judgments . Kyklos , 58 ( 4 ) : 467 – 493 .
   Google Scholar
• Buchner , B. and Carraro , C. 2003 . “ China and the evolution of the present climate regime ” . Climate Change Modelling and Policy, CLIM, University of Venice . Nota di Lavoro 103, November
   Google Scholar
• Butzengeiger , S. , Michaelowa , A. and Bode , S. 2003 . Europe—a pioneer in greenhouse gas emissions trading . Intereconomics , 4 : 219 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Casella , A. 1999 . “ Tradable deficit permits: efficient implementation of the stability pact in the European Monetary Union ” . Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, WP 7278 .
   Google Scholar
• Chichilnisky , G. , Heal , G. and Starrett , D. 1993 . “ Equity and efficiency in international emission permit markets ” . CA : Stanford University . Discussion Paper
   Google Scholar
• Chichilnisky , G. , Heal , G. and Starrett , D. 2000 . “ Equity and efficiency in environmental markets: global trade in carbon dioxide emissions ” . In Environmental Markets: Equity and Efficiency , Edited by: Chichilnisky , G. and Heal , G. 47 – 67 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen , A. C. and Wettestad , J. 2003 . The EU as a frontrunner on greenhouse gas emissions trading: how did it happen and will the EU succeed? . Climate Policy , 3 : 3 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coase , R. H. 1960 . The problem of social cost . Journal of Law and Economics , 3 : 1 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker , T. D. 1966 . “ The structuring of atmospheric pollution control systems ” . In The Economics of Air Pollution , Edited by: Wolozin , H. 61 – 86 . New York : W. W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Dales , J. H. 1968 . Pollution Property And Prices , Toronto : University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dumas , P. and Ha-Duong , M. 2004 . An Abrupt Stochastic Damage Function to Analyse Climate Policy Benefits , Nogent sur Marne : CIRED .
   Google Scholar
• Ekins , P. 1996 . The secondary benefits of CO2 abatement: how much emission reduction do they justify? . Ecological Economics , 16 : 13 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECX, European Climate Exchange B. V. 2006 . Amsterdam, , Netherlands www.europeanclimateexchange.com
   Google Scholar
• EU . 2003 . Directive establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council directive 96/61/EC , Brussels : European Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Fearnside , P. M. 2002 . Time preference in global warming calculations: a proposal for a unified index . Ecological Economics , 41 : 21 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidrmuc , J. and Fidrmuc , J. 2000a . “ Macroeconomic developments in Slovakia and the EU accession process ” . Laxenburg, , Austria International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Interim Report 00-007
   Google Scholar
• Fidrmuc , J. and Fidrmuc , J. 2000b . “ Macroeconomic developments in the Czech Republic and the EU accession process ” . Laxenburg, , Austria International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Interim Report 00-008
   Google Scholar
• Grubb , M. 2003 . The economics of the Kyoto Protocol . World Economics , 4 ( 3 ) : 143 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Grubb , M. , Azar , C. and Persson , U. M. 2005 . Allowance allocation in the European emissions trading system: a commentary . Climate Policy , 5 : 127 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , J. 2000 . “ On behalf of my delegation. A survival guide for developing country climate negotiators ” . Amsterdam : Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas and the International Institute for Sustainable Development .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , R. W. and Noll , R. G. 1982 . “ Designing a market for tradable emission permits ” . In Reform of Environmental Regulation , Edited by: Magat , W. A. 119 – 146 . Cambridge, MA : Ballinger .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , R. W. and Stavins , R. 1999 . “ What has Kyoto wrought? The real architecture of international tradable permit markets ” . Washington, DC : Resources for the Future . Discussion Paper 99-30
   Google Scholar
• Hanley , N. , Shogren , J. and White , B. 1997 . Environmental Economics, Theory and Practice , Oxford : Oxford University Press . London: Macmillan
   Google Scholar
• IEA, International Energy Agency . 1999 . CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion 1971 – 1997 , Paris : OECD/IEA .
   Google Scholar
• Kallaste , T. , Liik , O. and Ots , A. , eds. 1999 . Possible Energy Sector Trends in Estonia. Context of Climate Change , Tallinn : Stockholm Environment Institute Tallinn Centre, Tallinn Technical University .
   Google Scholar
• Khanna , N. 2001 . Analyzing the economic cost of the Kyoto protocol . Ecological Economics , 38 : 59 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Koutstaal , P. R. 1997 . Economic Policy and Climate Change: Tradable Permits for Reducing Carbon Emissions , Cheltenham, , UK : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Kruger , J. and Pizer , W. A. 2004 . “ The EU Emissions Trading Directive opportunities and potential pitfalls, resources for the future ” . Washington, DC Discussion Paper No. 04-24, April
   Google Scholar
• Kruse , J. and Cronshaw , M. 1999 . “ Temporal properties of a market for emissions permits with banking ” . In Markets for Pollution Permits; Theory and Experiments , Edited by: Holt , C. and Isaac , M. Louisville, KY : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manne , A. S. 2004 . “ Global climate change: an opponent's notes ” . In Paper prepared for the Copenhagen Consensus Program of the National Environmental Assessment Institute Copenhagen 30 April 2004
   Google Scholar
• McCann , R. J. 1994 . “ Assessing tradable permits in a dynamic and institutional context. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California Berkeley ” . In Paper presented at Western Economics Association International Conference Vancouver, , Canada 3 July 1994
   Google Scholar
• McGartland , A. M. and Oates , W. E. 1985 . Marketable permits for the prevention of environmental deterioration . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 12 ( 3 ) : 207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKibbin , W. J. 1998 . “ International permits trading: creating a sustainable system ” . In Paper prepared for the ABARE Conference on Emissions Trading Sydney 21 – 22 May
   Google Scholar
• Michaelowa , A. and Betz , R. 2001 . Implications of EU enlargement on the EU greenhouse gas ‘bubble’ and internal burden sharing . International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics , 1 ( 2 ) : 267 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Environment, Turkey . 1998 . National Report on Climate Change , Ankara : Ministry of Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Nentjes , A. , Koutstaal , P. and Klaassen , G. 1995 . “ Tradable carbon permits: feasibility, experiences, bottlenecks ” . Bilthoven Netherlands National Research Programme on Global Air Pollution and Climate Change, Report 410100104
   Google Scholar
• Nordhaus , W. D. 1998 . “ New estimates of the economic impacts of climate change ” . New Haven, CT : Department of Economics, Yale University .
   Google Scholar
• Nordhaus , W. D. and Boyer , J. 1999 . Roll the DICE Again: Economics Models of Global Warming , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nordhaus , W. D. and Yang , Z. 1996 . RICE: a regional dynamic general equilibrium model of optimal climate-change policy . American Economic Review , 86 ( 4 ) : 741 – 765 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oates , W. E. , Krupnick , A. J. and Van De Verg , E. 1983 . On marketable air pollution permits: the case for a system of pollution offsets . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 10 ( 3 ) : 233 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce , D. W. 2003 . Rapporteur's Summary of the International Seminar on the Social Cost of Carbon, 7 July 2003 , London : DEFRA .
   Google Scholar
• Rothmans , J. , Hulme , M. and Downing , E. T. 1994 . Climate change implications for Europe: an application of the ESCAPE model . Global Environmental Change , 4 ( 2 ) : 97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , F. and Wagner , A. F. 2002 . “ Permit trading and climate change policy ” . Cambridge, MA : University of Linz, Austria, and Harvard University .
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , B. D. 1999 . New directions in emissions trading: the potential contribution of new institutional economics . Ecological Economics , 30 : 371 – 387 .
   Google Scholar
• Stavins , R. N. 1995 . Transaction costs and tradable permits . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 29 ( 2 ) : 133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tol , R. S. J. 2003 . “ The marginal costs of carbon dioxide emissions ” . In Paper prepared for the International Seminar on the Social Cost of Carbon , London : DEFRA . 7 July 2003
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1998 . “ Second compilation and synthesis of Second National Communications: tables of inventories of anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases for 1990 – 1995 and projections up to 2020 ” . In United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Buenos Aires FCCC/CP/1998/11/Add.2
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1999 . “ Czech Republic. Report on the in-depth review of the Second National Communication of the Czech Republic ” . In United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Bonn FCCC/IDR.2/CZE
   Google Scholar
• von Weizsäcker , E. U. , Lovins , L. H. and Lovins , A. B. 1997 . Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Woerdman , E. 2000 . Organizing emissions trading: the barrier of domestic permit allocation . Energy Policy , 28 ( 2 ) : 613 – 623 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , Z. X. 1998 . Greenhouse gas emissions trading and the world trading system . Journal of World Trade , 32 ( 5 ) : 219 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar