The collective provision of environmental goods: a discussion of contractual issues

References

• Andreoni , J. 1990 . Impure altruism and donations to public goods: a theory of warm-glow giving . The economic journal , 100 ( June ) : 464 – 477 .
   Google Scholar
• Bager , T. and Proost , J. 1997 . Regulation and farmers’ environmental behaviour in Denmark and the Netherlands . Sociologia ruralis , 37 ( 1 ) : 79 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkes , F. 2003 . Rethinking community-based conservation . Conservation biology , 18 ( 3 ) : 621 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broekhuizen , R. 1997 . Renewing the countryside , Dotinchem, , The Netherlands : Missen .
   Google Scholar
• Brotherton , I. 1989 . Farmer participation in voluntary land diversion schemes: some observations from theory . Journal of rural studies , 5 ( 3 ) : 299 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Browne , S. J. and Aebischer , N. J. 2003 . Habitat use, foraging ecology and diet of Turtle Doves . Streptopelia turter in Britain. Ibis , 145 ( 4 ) : 572 – 582 .
   Google Scholar
• Burton , R. J. F. , Kuczera , C. and Schwarz , G. 2008 . Exploring farmers’ cultural resistance to voluntary agri-environmental schemes . Sociologia ruralis , 48 ( 1 ) : 16 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash , D. W. and Moser , S. C. 2000 . Linking global and local scales: designing dynamic assessment and management processes . Global environmental change , 10 ( 2 ) : 109 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CEC . 2006 . Halting the loss of biodiversity by 2010 – and beyond COM(2006)216, Brussels: Commission of the European Communities
   Google Scholar
• Claassen , R. , Cattaneo , A. and Johansson , R. 2008 . Cost-effective design of agri-environmental payment programmes: US experience in theory and practice . Ecological economics , 65 ( 4 ) : 737 – 752 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colman , D. 1994 . Ethics and externalities: agricultural stewardship and other behaviour . Journal of agricultural economics , 45 ( 3 ) : 299 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornes , R. and Sandler , T. 1986 . The theory of externalities, public goods and club goods Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Cross , M. and Franks , J. R. 2007 . Farmer's and advisor's attitudes towards the Environmental Stewardship Scheme . Journal of farm management , 13 ( 1 ) : 41 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , B. 2004 . Challenges in creating local agri-environmental cooperation action amongst farmers and other stakeholders , Aberdeen : The Macaulay Institute .
   Google Scholar
• De Rooij , S. 2005 . Environmental co-operatives: a farming strategy with potential . Compas magazine for endogenous development , 8 ( February ) : 27 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• DEFRA . 2005 . Higher level stewardship handbook. Terms and conditions and how to apply , London : Rural Development Service (RDS) .
   Google Scholar
• Defrancesco , E. 2008 . Factors affecting farmers’ participation in agri-environmental measures: a northern Italian perspective . Journal of agricultural economics , 59 ( 1 ) : 114 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eshuis , J. and van Woerkum , C. 2003 . Trust and monitoring in governance processes: lessons from landscape management by farmers in a Dutch municipality . Journal of environmental policy and planning , 5 ( 4 ) : 379 – 396 .
   Google Scholar
• Eycott , A. 2008 . Which landscape features affect species movement? A systematic review in the context of climate change Forest Research Centre and Evidence-Based Conservation, DEFRA Research Contract CR0389. Available from: http://www.environmental evidence.org/Documents/Protocol43.pdf [accessed 24 August 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Falconer , K. 1999 . Developing co-operative approaches to agri-environmental policy: a transactions cost perspective on farmer participation in voluntary schemes 64 EAAE Seminar, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
   Google Scholar
• Falconer , K. 2000 . Farm-level constraints on agri-environmental scheme participation: a transactional perspective . Journal of rural studies , 16 ( 3 ) : 379 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falconer , K. 2002 . “ Developing co-operative approaches to agri-environmental policy: a transaction cost perspective on farmers, participation in voluntary schemes ” . In Environmental co-operation and institutional change: theories and policies for European agriculture , Edited by: Hagedorn , K. Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Falconer , K. and Sanders , M. E. 2002 . Transaction costs for SSSIs and policy design . Land use policy , 19 ( 2 ) : 157 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firbank , L. G. 2005 . Striking a new balance between agricultural production and biodiversity . Annals of applied biology , 146 ( 2 ) : 163 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Franks , J. R. 1997 . The influence of conservation biology on agri-environmental policy . Farm management , 9 ( 10 ) : 495 – 505 .
   Google Scholar
• Franks , J. R. and McGloin , A. 2006 . Co-operative management of the agricultural environment , Newcastle upon Tyne : School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development .
   Google Scholar
• Franks , J. R. and Russell , N. 1996 . The implications of the Rio de Janeiro Convention on biodiversity for agricultural environmental policy and agricultural land use in the UK Proceedings of the workshop on Landscape and Nature Conservation, Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany, 26–29 September
   Google Scholar
• Gachter , S. 2007 . “ Conditional cooperation: behavioral regularities from the lab and the field and their policy implications ” . In Economics and psychology. A promising new cross-disciplinary field , Edited by: Frey , B. S. and Stutzer , A. 19 – 50 . Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glasbergen , P. 2000 . The environmental co-operative: self-governance in sustainable rural development . Journal of environment and development , 9 ( 3 ) : 240 – 259 .
   Google Scholar
• Gottfried , R. , Wear , D. and Lee , R. 1996 . Institutional solutions to market failure on the landscape level . Ecological economics , 18 ( 2 ) : 133 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Groeneveld , R. , van Rheenen , T. and Brouwer , F. 2004 . Bio-diversity enhancing programmes: are they knowledge driven? BIOfACT, policy analysis, the Netherlands (Preliminary national report) , The Hague : LEI .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , D. 2003 . Agri-environmental relationships and multi-functionality: further considerations . The world economy , 26 ( 5 ) : 705 – 725 .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , D. 2008 . A conjecture on the nature of social systems . 21st century society , 3 ( 1 ) : 87 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Hodge , I. 2003 . Mainstreaming rural development policy under the CAP: an English perspective . Journal of environmental policy and planning , 5 ( 4 ) : 361 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Hodge , I. and McNally , S. 2000 . Wetland restoration, collective action and the role of water management institutions . Ecological economics , 35 ( 1 ) : 105 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Hodge , I. and Reader , M. 2007 . Maximising the provision of public goods from future agri-environment schemes Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Hodge , I. and Reader , M. 2010 . The introduction of entry level stewardship in England: extension or dilution in agri-environment policy? . Land use policy , 27 ( 2 ) : 270 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins , J. J. 2007 . Conserving biodiversity in a changing climate UK Biodiversity Partnership. Published by DEFRA. Available from: http://www.ukbap,org.uk/Library/BRIG/CBCCGuidance.pdf [accessed 24 August 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Jones , J. 2006 . A case study based assessment of the financial impact of agri-environment scheme participation: pre-and post-decoupling . Journal of farm management , 12 ( 8 ) : 477 – 498 .
   Google Scholar
• Kark , S. 2009 . Between-country collaboration and consideration of costs increase conservation planning efficiency in the Mediterranean Basin . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 106 ( 36 ) : 15368 – 15373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleijn , D. and Sutherland , W. J. 2003 . How effective are European agri-environment schemes in conserving and promoting biodiversity? . Journal of applied ecology , 40 ( 6 ) : 947 – 969 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunn , P. 2008 . Basic instincts. Human nature and the new economics , London : Marshall Cavendish Business .
   Google Scholar
• MacFarlane , F. 1998 . Implementing agri-environmental policy: a landscape ecology perspective . Journal of environmental planning and management , 41 ( 5 ) : 575 – 596 .
   Google Scholar
• McGhie , H. A. 1994 . Aspects of the breeding ecology of twite in the south Pennines. Research report no. 118 , Peterborough : English Nature .
   Google Scholar
• Merckx , T. 2009 . Optimizing the biodiversity gain from agri-environment schemes . Agriculture, ecosystems and environment , 130 ( 3–4 ) : 177 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills , J. 2006 . Identification of delivery mechanisms for Welsh top-tier agri-environment schemes , Cheltenham : University of Gloucestershire .
   Google Scholar
• Natural England . 2007 . Natural England to streamline Environmental Stewardship scheme [online]. Available from: http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/press/news2007/ [accessed July 2008]
   Google Scholar
• Natural England . 2010 . National character areas [online]. Available from: http://www.natural england.org.uk/ourwork/landscape/englands/character/areas/default.aspx [accessed 16 August 2010]
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 1998 . Co-operative approaches to sustainable development , Paris : OECD .
   Google Scholar
• Oerlemans , N. J. and Assouline , G. 2004 . Enhancing farmers networking strategies for sustainable development . Journal of cleaner production , 12 ( 5 ) : 469 – 478 .
   Google Scholar
• Oerlemans , N. J. and Hess , E . “ undated ” . In Agriculture nature organisation ‘Den Hâneker’ , Culemborg, , The Netherlands : Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CLM) .
   Google Scholar
• Osborne , J. L. 2008 . Bumblebee flight distances in relation to the forage landscape . Journal of animal ecology , 77 ( 2 ) : 406 – 415 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pieroni , P. undated . “ Discussion by foreign partner ” . In Agriculture nature organisation ‘Den Hâneker’ , Edited by: Oerlemans , N. J. and Hess , E. Culemborg, , The Netherlands : Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CLM) .
   Google Scholar
• Polman , N. B.P. 2002 . Institutional economics analysis of contractual arrangements; managing wildlife and landscape on Dutch farms Thesis (PhD). Wageningen University, The Netherlands
   Google Scholar
• Polman , N. B.P. and Slangen , L. H.G. 2002 . “ Self-organising and self-governing of environmental cooperatives: design principles ” . In Environmental co-operation and institutional change: theories and policies for European agriculture , Edited by: Hagedorn , K. 91 – 111 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Proctor , T. 1997 . Essentials of marketing research , London : Financial Times Management .
   Google Scholar
• Reid , C. and Grice , P. 2001 . Wildlife gains from agri-environment schemes: recommendations from English Nature's habitat and species specialists. English Nature research report no. 431 , Peterborough : English Nature .
   Google Scholar
• Reijis , J. W. 2004 . “ The Nutrient Management Project of the VEL and VANLA environmental co-operatives ” . In Seeds of transition. Assen , Edited by: Wiskerke , J. S.C. and van der Ploeg , J. D. The Netherlands : Royal Van Gorcum .
   Google Scholar
• Renting , H. and van Broekhuizen , R. 2001 . The socio-economic impact of management agreements: an exploratory study Working Paper for the research programme The Socio-economic Impact of Rural Development Policies: Realities and Potentials, IMPACT (FAIR CT 98–4288) Case Study NL2. Wageningen University
   Google Scholar
• Renting , H. and van der Ploeg , J. D. 2001 . Reconnecting nature, farming and society: environmental co-operatives in the Netherlands as institutional arrangements for creating coherence . Journal of environmental policy and planning , 3 ( 2 ) : 85 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Rientjes , S. 2002 . Making nature conservation modern: an analysis of developments in nature conservation policy in relation to macro-social changes—the Netherlands as a case study . Journal of environmental policy and planning , 4 ( 1 ) : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Robson , G. and Percival , S. M. 2002 . The use of marginal farmland by curlew Numenius arquata breeding on upland moors . Aspects of applied biology , 67 ( 4 ) : 75 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Roep , D. , van der Ploeg , J. D. and Wiskerke , J. S.C. 2003 . Managing technical-institutional design processes: some strategic lessons from environmental co-operatives in the Netherlands . NJAS Wageningen journal of life sciences , 51 ( 1–2 ) : 195 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runge , C. F. 1984 . Institutions and the free rider: the assurance problem in collective action . The journal of politics , 46 ( 1 ) : 154 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler , T. and Tschirhart , J. 1997 . Club theory: thirty years later . Public choice , 93 ( 3–4 ) : 335 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebert , R. , Toogood , M. D. and Knierim , A. 2006 . Factors affecting European farmers’ participation in biodiversity policies . Sociologia ruralis , 46 ( 4 ) : 318 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slangen , L. H.G. 1994 . The economic aspects of environmental co-operatives for farmers . International journal of social economics , 21 ( 9 ) : 42 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Slangen , L. H.G. 2008 . Economische en ecologische effectiviteit van gebiedscontracken. (Economic and ecological effectiveness of collective nature and wildlife conservation contracts) Statutory Research Tasks Unit for Nature and the Environment, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
   Google Scholar
• Slangen , L. H.G. and Polman , N. B.P. 2002 . “ The environmental co-operative: a new institutional arrangement ” . In Environmental co-operation and institutional change: theories and policies for European agriculture , Edited by: Hagedorn , K. 69 – 90 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , R. K. 2004 . Conservation of European hares Lepus europaeus in Britain: is increasing habitat heterogeneity in farmland the answer? . Journal of applied ecology , 41 ( 6 ) : 1092 – 1102 .
   Google Scholar
• Stake , R. E. 1995 . The art of case study research , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Stuiver , M. , van der Ploeg , J. D. and Leeuwis , C. 2003 . The VEL and VANLA environmental co-operatives as field laboratories . NJAS Wageningen journal of life sciences , 51 ( 1–2 ) : 27 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuiver , M. and Wiskerke , J. S.C. 2004 . “ VEL and VANLA environmental co-operatives as a niche for sustainable development ” . In Seeds of transition , Edited by: Wiskerke , J. S.C. and van der Ploeg , J. D. Assen, The Netherlands : Royal Van Gorcum .
   Google Scholar
• Sugden , R. 1982 . On the economics of philanthropy . The economic journal , 92 ( June ) : 341 – 350 .
   Google Scholar
• UK Biodiversity Partnership . 2007 . Conserving biodiversity – the UK approach , London : Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . Available from: http://www.ukbap. org.uk/library/UKSC/DEF-PB12772-ConBio-UK.pdf [accessed 24 August 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Vatn , A. 2010 . An institutional analysis of payments for environmental services . Ecological economics , 69 ( 6 ) : 1245 – 1252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeven , F. P.M. , Reijis , J. W. and van der Ploeg , J. D. 2003 . Re-balancing soil-plant-animal interactions: towards a reduction of nitrogen losses . NJAS Wageningen journal of life sciences , 51 ( 1–2 ) : 147 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitby , M. 2000 . Challenges and options for the UK agri-environment: Presidential address . Journal of agricultural economics , 51 ( 3 ) : 317 – 332 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitby , M. and Saunders , C. 1996 . Estimating the supply of conservation goods in Britain: a comparison of the financial efficiency of two policy instruments . Land economics , 72 ( 3 ) : 313 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittingham , M. J. 2006 . Will agri-environment schemes deliver substantial biodiversity gain, and if not why not? . Journal of applied ecology , 44 ( 1 ) : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Whittingham , M. J. , Percival , S. M. and Brown , A. F. 2000 . Time budgets and foraging of breeding golden plover, Pluvialis apricaria . Journal of applied ecology , 37 ( 4 ) : 632 – 646 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , G. A. 1997 . Factors influencing farmer participation in the Environmentally Sensitive Areas scheme . Journal of environmental management , 50 ( 1 ) : 67 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiskerke , J. S.C. 2003 . Environmental co-operatives as a new mode of rural governance . NJAS Wageningen journal of life sciences , 51 ( 1–2 ) : 9 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin , R. K. 1984 . Case study research: design and methods , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar