Conservation on private land: a review of global strategies with a proposed classification system

References

• Adams, J.S., and T.O. McShane. 1996. The Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation without Illusion, xv–xvii. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• AFS (Australian Forestry Standard). 2011. “The Australian Standard for Sustainable Forest Management.” http://www.forestrystandard.org.au
   Google Scholar
• ALUM (Australian Land Use and Management Classification system). 2010. Version 7. Australian Government: Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. http://www.daff.gov.au/abares/aclump/land-use/alum-classification-version-7-may-2010
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, R.C., and E.N. Hansen. 2004. “Determining Consumer Preferences for Eco- Labeled Forest Products: An Experimental Approach.” Journal of Forestry 102 (4): 28–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer, H., R. Kozak, and D. Balsillie. 2005. “The Impact of Forest Certification Labelling and Advertising: An Exploratory Assessment of Consumer Purchase Intent in Canada.” Forestry Chronicle 81 (2): 229–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armsworth, P.R., G.C. Daily, P. Karieva, and J.N. Samchirico. 2006. “Land Market Feedbacks can Undermine Biodiversity Conservation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (14): 5403–5408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, J., and B.A. Mitchell. 2005. “Land Trusts, Private Reserves and Conservation Easements in the USA.” Parks: Protected Areas Programme –Private Protected Areas 15 (2): 48–60.
   Google Scholar
• Bhullar, L. 2008. “The Indian Forest Rights Act 2006: A Critical Appraisal.” Law, Environment and Development Journal 4 (1): 20–28.
   Google Scholar
• Binning, C., and P. Feilman. 2000. “Landscape Conservation and the Non-government Sector.” Environment Australia. http://www.environment.gov.au/land/publications/landcons.html
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, K., N. Dudley, A. Phillips, and S. Stolton. 2004. “Speaking a Common Language: The Uses and Performance of the IUCN System of Management Categories for Protected Areas.” Cardiff University: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/speaking_ common_language.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brockington, D. 2004. “Community Conservation, Inequality and Injustice: Myths of Power in Protected Area Management.” Conservation and Society 2 (2): 411–432.
   Google Scholar
• Byron, N, P. Holland, and M. Schuele. 2001. “Private Conservation: Some Challenges in Managing Australia's Tropical Rainforests.” Paper presented at the annual conference of the Rainforest Cooperative Research Centre. Cairns, Australia. http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/64583/rainforests.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cashore, B., G.C. Van Kooten, I. Vertinsky, G. Auld, and J. Affolderbach. 2005. “Private or Self-regulation? A Comparative Study of Forest Certification Choices in Canada, the United States and Germany.” Forest Policy and Economics 7 (1): 53–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CBD. 2009. Sustainable Forest Management, Biodiversity and Livelihoods: A Good Practice Guide. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
   Google Scholar
• CCA (Cooperative Conservation America). 2007. “A Nation of Citizen Stewards.” http://www.cooperativeconservation.org
   Google Scholar
• Cernea, M. M. 2005. “‘Restriction of Access’ is Displacement: A Broader Concept and Policy.” Forced Migration Review 23: 48–49.
   Google Scholar
• Chacon, C. M. 2005. “Fostering Conservation of Key Priority Sites and Rural Development in Central America: The Role of Private Protected Areas.” Parks: Protected Areas Programme – Private Protected Areas 15 (2): 39–47.
   Google Scholar
• Chape, S., S. Blyth, L. Fish, and P.M. Fox, eds. 2003. United Nations List of Protected Areas. Cambridge: Spalding.
   Google Scholar
• Clough, P. 2000. “Encouraging Private Biodiversity: Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation on Private Land. Report to the Treasury.” Wellington: New Zealand Institute of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• COE (Council of Europe). 2011. “Nature Ecological Networks.” http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/nature/econetworks/default_en.asp
   Google Scholar
• Cowell, S, and C. Williams. 2006. “Conservation through Buyer Diversity: A Key Role for Not-For-Profit Land-Holding Organizations in Australia.” Ecological Management and Restoration 7: 5–20.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, H. 2006. “A Review of Forest Certification in Australia. Forest & Wood Products Research & Development Corporation.” Sustainable Forest Management Project. Victoria: Australian Government.
   Google Scholar
• Cubbage, F., D. Diaz, P. Yapura, and F. Dube. 2009. “Impacts of Forest Management Certification in Argentina and Chile.” Forest Policy and Economics 12 (7): 497–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels T. 1998. “Purchase of Development Rights, Agricultural Preservation and Other Land-Use Policy Tools – The Pennsylvania Experience.” http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/17934/1/ar980034.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Deere, N. J. 2011. “Exploitation or Conservation? Can the Hunting Tourism Industry in Africa be Sustainable?” Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, July–Aug. http://www.environmentmagazine.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/2011/July-August%202011/exploitation-or-conservation-full.html
   Google Scholar
• DGARD (Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development). 2005. Agri- Environment Measures: Overview on General Principles, Types of Measures and Applications. Brussels: European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Doran, N.E. 2003. “History of Biodiversity Conservation, Protected Areas and the Conservation Movement.” In Biodiversity Conservation and Habitat Management – Vol I, edited by F. Gherardi, C. Corti and M. Gualtieri, 60–93. Oxford: UNESCO-EOLSS.
   Google Scholar
• Doremus, H. 2003. “A Policy Portfolio Approach to Biodiversity Protection on Private Lands.” Environmental Science & Policy 6: 217–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELI (Environmental Law Institute). 2003. Legal Tools and Incentives for Private Lands in Latin America: Building Models for Success. Washington DC: Environmental Law Institute. https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/spn___legal_tools_and_incentives_for_private_lands_conservation.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ELO (European Landowners Organization). 2010. “A European Multidisciplinary Office for Landowners and Land Managers.” http://www.europeanlandowners.org/
   Google Scholar
• Emerton, L., J. Bishop, and L. Thomas. 2006. Sustainable Financing of Protected Areas: A Global Review of Challenges and Options. Cambridge: International Union for Conservation for Nature (IUCN).
   Google Scholar
• ENS (Environment New Service). 2010. “Peruvian NGO Buys Private Lands for National Conservation.” http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/dec2010/2010-12-13-01.html
   Google Scholar
• EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, USA). 2012. “Water: Wetlands – Compensatory Mitigation.” http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/guidance/wetlands/wetlandsmitigation_index.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen, J.H. 1999. “Comparing the Economic Planning for Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement.” In The Economics of Involuntary Resettlement: Questions and Challenges, edited by M. M. Cernea, 83–146. Washington DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Figgis, P. 2004. Conservation on Private Lands: the Australian Experience, 1–34. Cambridge: IUCN.
   Google Scholar
• Figgis, P., D. Humann, and M. Looker. 2005. “Conservation on Private Land in Australia.” Parks: Protected Areas Programme – Private Protected Areas 15 (2): 19–29.
   Google Scholar
• Fishburn, I.S., P. Kareiva, K.J. Gaston, and P. R. Armsworth. 2009. “The Growth of Easements as a Conservation Tool.” PLoS ONE 4 (3). http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, G., and F. Muller. 2003. “Voluntary Approaches in Protection of Forests in Austria.” Environmental Science and Policy 6: 261–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FSC (Forest Stewardship Council). 2011. “Country Specific Units: Australia, Brazil.” http://www.fsc.org
   Google Scholar
• Gattuso, D.J. 2008. “Conservation Easements: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.” National Policy Analysis. http://www.nationalcenter.org/NPA569.html.
   Google Scholar
• George, S. 2002. “Conservation in America: State Government Incentives for Habitat Conservation – A Status Report.” Defenders of Wildlife, USA. http://www.defenders.org/resources/publications/programs_and_policy/biodiversity_partners/conservation_in_america_state_ profiles.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, J.P., M.L. Hunter Jr, and E, J. Sterling. 2009. Problem-solving in Conservation Biology and Wildlife Management. 2nd ed. 201–212, 279–288. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Grodzińska-Jurczak, M., and J. Cent. 2011. “Expansion of Nature Conservation Areas: Problems with Natura 2000 Implementation in Poland?” Environmental Management 47 (1): 11–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodzińska-Jurczak, M., M. Strzelecka, S. Kamal, and J. Gutowska. 2012. “Effectiveness of Nature Conservation – A Case of Natura 2000 Sites in Poland.” In Protected Area Management, edited by B. Sladonja, 183–202. Rijeka: InTech.
   Google Scholar
• Harrop, S.R. 1999. “Conservation Regulation: A Backward Step for Biodiversity?” Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 679–707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartsfield, A., and D. Ostermeier. 2003. “The View from FSC-Certified Land Managers.” Journal of Forestry 101 (8): 32–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesselink, F.J., W. Goldstein, P.P. Van Kempen, T. Garnett, and J. Della. 2007. “Communication, Education and Public Awareness: A Toolkit for the Convention on Biological Diversity.” Convention on Biological Diversity. http://www.cbd.int/cepa/toolkit/2008/doc/CBD-Toolkit-Complete.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hiedenpää, J. 2002. “European-wide Conservation Versus Local Well-Being: The Reception of the Natura 2000 Reserve Network in Kavia, SW-Finland.” Landscape and Urban Planning 61: 113–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IUCN. 2012. “IUCN Protected Area Categories.” International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/
   Google Scholar
• JCT. 2005. “Options to Improve Tax Compliance and Reform Tax Expenditures, USA#JCS-02-05.” Joint Committee on Taxation 281–284. https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=1524
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, R.A, and M.E. Madison. 1997. “From Landmarks to Landscapes.” Journal of American Planning Association 63 (3): 365–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnath, K.K. 2005. “Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary: Addressing Relocation and Livelihood Concern.” Economic and Political Weekly 40 (6): 4809–4811.
   Google Scholar
• Kauneckis, D., and A.M. York. 2009. “An Empirical Evaluation of Private Landowner Participation in Voluntary Forest Conservation Programs.” Environmental Management 44: 468–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, K.J. 2003. “Woodland Conservation in Privately-Owned Cultural Landscapes: The English Experience.” Environmental Science & Policy 6: 253–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, A.T., R.M. Cowling, and B.M. Campbell. 2006. “An Operational Model for Implementing Conservation Action.” Conservation Biology 20 (2): 408–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, A.T., and R.M. Cowling. 2007. “Embracing Opportunism in the Selection of Priority Conservation Areas.” Conservation Biology 211: 124–1126.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, A.T., R.M. Cowling, M. Difford, and B.M. Campbell. 2010. “Mapping Human and Social Dimensions of Conservation Opportunity for the Scheduling of Conservation Action on Private Land.” Conservation Biology 24: 1348–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, R.L. 1999. “Private Lands: The Neglected Geography.” Conservation Biology 13: 223–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krug, W. 2001. “Private Supply of Protected Land in Southern Africa: A Review of Markets, Approaches, Barriers and Issues.” World Bank/OECD International Workshop on Market Creation for Biodiversity Products and Services. Paris, January 25–26.
   Google Scholar
• Langholz, J., and W. Krug. 2005. “New Forms of Biodiversity Governance: Non-state Actors and the Private Protected Area Action Plan.” Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 7: 9–29.
   Google Scholar
• Langholz, J., and J. Lassoie. 2001. “Perils and Promise of Privately Owned Protected Areas.” Bioscience 51 (10): 79–80.
   Google Scholar
• Laycock, H., D. Moran, J. Smart, D. Raffaelli, and P.C.L. White. 2009. “Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Conservation: The UK Biodiversity Action Plan.” Biological Conservation 142: 3120–3127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leva, C.E.D. 2002. “The Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources through Legal and Market-Based Instruments.” Review of European Community &International Environmental Law 11 (1): 84–95.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsey, P.A., R. Alexander, L.G. Frank, A. Mathieson, and A.A. Romanch, 2006. “Potential of Trophy Hunting to Create Incentives for Wildlife Conservation in Africa Where Alternative Wildlife-Based Land Uses May Not be Viable.” Animal Conservation 9: 283–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LTA (Land Trust Alliance). 2010. “Total Acres Conserved by Local and National Land Trusts in 2010.” http://www.landtrustalliance.org/land-trusts/land-trust-census/data-tables
   Google Scholar
• Lubowski, R.N., M. Vesterby, S. Bucholtz, A. Baez, and M.J. Roberts. 2002. Major Uses of Land in the United States, 2002. Economic Research Service-USDA, 2002/EIB-14. Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, Z., B. J. Butler, D. B. Kittredge, and P. Catanzaro. 2012. “Factors Associated with Landowner Involvement in Forest Conservation Programs in the US: Implications for Policy Design and Outreach.” Land Use Policy 29: 53–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main, M.B. 1999. “Evaluating Costs of Conservation.” Conservation Biology 13 (6): 1262–1272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark, J. 2013. “Golden Environmental Prize Winners Offer a Spark of Inspiration.” Earth Island Journal http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/elist/eListRead/goldman_environmental_prize_winners_offer_a_spark_of_inspiration/
   Google Scholar
• Mascia, M.B. 2003. “Conservation and the Social Science. Editorial.” Conservation Biology 17 (3): 649–650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascia M.B., and S. Pailler 2011. “Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing and Degazettement (PADDD) and its Conservation Implications.” Conservation Letters 4 (1): 9–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, P.H. 2006. “Forest Certification in Brazil.” In Confronting Sustainability: Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning Countries, edited by B. Cashore, F. Gale, E. Meidinger and D. Newsome, 337–362. New Haven, CT: Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, A.L., and P.M. Tikka. 2006. “Biodiversity Conservation Incentive Programs for Privately Owned Forests.” Environmental Science and Policy 9: 614–625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mieners, R.E., and D.P. Parker. 2004. “Legal and Economic Issues in Private Land Conservation.” Natural Resources Journal 44: 353–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milder, J.C. 2007. “A Framework for Understanding Conservation Development and its Ecological Implications.” BioScience 57: 757–768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoEF (Ministry of Environment and Forest). 2006. The Scheduled Tribe and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 of India. New Delhi: Government of India.
   Google Scholar
• Mora, C., and P.F. Sale. 2011. “Ongoing Global Biodiversity Loss and the Need to Move Beyond Protected Areas: A Review of the Technical and Practical Shortcomings of Protected Areas on Land and Sea.” Marine Ecology Progress Series 434: 251–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naro-Maciel, E., E.J. Sterling, and M. Rao. 2008. “Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation I: Reserve Planning and Design.” In Synthesis: American Museum of Natural History. Lessons in Conservation. http://ncep.amnh.org/linc
   Google Scholar
• Natural England. 2009. “Agri-Environment Schemes in England 2009: A Review of Results and Effectiveness.” Catalogue Code: NE194, UK. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20111121191513/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/about_us/news/2009/041109.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Naughton-Treves, L., M.G. Holland, and K. Brandon. 2005. “The Role of Protected Areas in Conserving Biodiversity and Sustaining Local Livelihoods.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30: 219–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NBA (National Biodiversity Authority, India). 2012. “Forest Conservation Act 1980.” http://nbaindia.org/uploaded/Biodiversityindia/Legal/22.%20Forest%20(Conservation)%20Act,%201980.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, R. P. 1998. Imposing Wilderness, Struggles Over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• NIFA (National Institute of Food and Agriculture, USA). 2009. “Agricultural Land Preservation in the United States: Fundamental Approaches and Resources.” http://www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/nre/in_focus/ere_if_preserve.html
   Google Scholar
• NPA UK (National Parks Authority, UK). 2011. “National Parks of the UK.” http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk
   Google Scholar
• Ostermann, O. 1998. “The Need for Management of Nature Conservation Sites Designated Under Natura 2000.” Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 968–973.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paloniemi, R., and P.M. Tikka. 2008. “Ecological and Social Aspects of Biodiversity Conservation on Private Lands.” Environmental Science and Policy 11: 336–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquini, L., J.A. Fitzsimons, S. Cowell, K. Brandon, and G. Wescott. 2011. “The Establishment of Large Private Nature Reserves by International NGOs: Key Factors for Successful Implementation.” Oryx: Flora and Fauna International 3: 373–380.
   Google Scholar
• PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification). 2012. “Country Sites: Australia, Brazil, Chile.” http://www.pefc.org/
   Google Scholar
• Philips, A. 2004. “The History of the International System of Protected Area Management Categories.” Parks: Protected Areas Programme – Protected Areas Categories 14 (3): 4–14.
   Google Scholar
• PLN (Private Landowner Network). 2006. “Conservation Grants and Technical Assistance.” http://www.privatelandownernetwork.org/grantprograms/
   Google Scholar
• Polasky, S., and H. Doremus. 1998. “When Truth Hurts: Endangered Species Policy on Private Land with Imperfect Information.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 35 (1): 22–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramutsindela, M. 2004. Parks and People in Post-Colonial Societies: Experiences in Southern Africa. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Rangarajan, M., and G. Shahabuddin. 2006. “Displacement and Relocation from Protected Areas: Towards a Biological Historical Synthesis.” Conservation Society 4: 359–378.
   Google Scholar
• Raymond, C.M., and G. Brown. 2011. “Assessing Conservation Opportunity on Private Land: Socio-economic, Behavioural and Spatial Dimensions.” Journal of Environmental Management 92 (10): 2513–2523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, C.T. 2011. “The Privatisation of Biodiversity? Possible New Approaches to Nature Conservation Law in the UK.” Journal of Environmental Law 23 (2): 203–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ring, I. 2008. “Compensating Municipalities for Protected Areas Fiscal Transfers for Biodiversity Conservation in Saxony, Germany.” Gaia Journal 17 (S1): 143–151.
   Google Scholar
• Rissman A.R. 2013. “Rethinking Property Rights: Comparative Analysis of Conservation Easements for Wildlife Conservation.” Environmental Conservation 40 (3): 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rissman, A.R., T. Comendant, L. Lozier, P. Kareiva, J.M. Kiesecker, M.R. Shaw, and A.M. Merenlender. 2007. “Conservation Easements: Private Use and Biodiversity Protection.” Conservation Biology 21 (3): 709–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said, S., and S. Thoyer. 2009. “What Shapes Farmers' Attitudes Towards Agro-Environmental Payments: A Case Study in Lozere.” UMR (LAMETA). University of Montpellier, France. http://www.lameta.univ-montp1.fr/Documents/DR2009-08.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Schlager E., and E. Ostrom. 1992. “Property Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis.” Land Economics 68 (3): 259–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Soltau, K., and D. Brockington. 2007. “Protected Areas and Resettlement: What Scope for Voluntary Relocation?” World Development 35 (12): 2182–2202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scroter-Schlaak, C., and S. Blumentarth. 2011. “Direct Regulation for Biodiversity Conservation.” In Advancing Ecological Economics: Theory and Practice, 9th International Conference of European Society for Ecological Economics, Istanbul, Turkey.
   Google Scholar
• Sims-Castley, R., G.I.H. Kirley, B. Geach and J. Langholz. 2005. “Socio-economic Significance of Eco-Tourism Based Private Game Reserves in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province.” Parks: Protected Areas Programme – Private Protected Areas 15 (2): 6–18.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, G., E. Phillips, and G. Doret. 2006. “Biodiversity Conservation on Private Land.” In 42nd ISoCaRP Council Case Studies 2006, Sydney, Australia. http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/828.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Springate-Baginski, O., M. Sarin, S. Ghosh, P. Dasgupta, I. Bose, A. Bannerjee, K. Sarap, et al. 2009. “Redressing ‘historical injustice’ through the Indian Forest Rights Act 2006: A Historical Institutional Analysis of Contemporary Forest Rights Reform.” Institution for Pro-Poor Growth: Discussion Paper no. 27, India. http://www.ippg.org.uk/papers/dp27.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stein, S.M., M.A. Carr, R.E. McRoberts, L.G. Mahal, and S.J. Comas. 2010. “Threats to At-risk Species in America's Private Forests: A Forest on the Edge report.” General Technical Report NRS-73, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Northern Research Station. USA.
   Google Scholar
• Stolton, S., S. Mansourian and N. Dudley. 2010. “Valuing Protected Areas.” Report Prepared for The World Bank. Washington DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Stoneham, G., M. Crowe, S. Platt, V. Chaudhri, J. Soligo, and L. Strappazzon. 2000. “Mechanisms for Biodiversity Conservation on Private Land.” Victoria, Australia: Natural Resources and Environment, Department of Sustainability and Environment. http://www.dse.vic.gov.au
   Google Scholar
• Stroup, R.L. 1997. “The Economics of Compensating Property Owners.” Contemporary Economic Policy 15 (4): 55–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedish EPA. 2007. “Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy: Report 5678.” Stockholm: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and Swedish Energy Agency, Sweden. http://www.swedishepa.se/Documents/publikationer/620-5678-6.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tikka, P.M., and P. Kauppi. 2003. “Introduction to Special Issue: Protecting Nature On Private Lands – From Conflict to Agreements.” Environmental Science and Policy 6: 193–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TNC (The Nature Conservancy, USA). 2011. “Private Lands Conservation.” http://www.nature.org/about-us/private-lands-conservation/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). 2011. “Easements: Protecting and Conserving our Natural Resources.” http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/programs
   Google Scholar
• USDA-ERS (United States Department of Agriculture – Economic Research Service). 2008. “The USDA Farm Bill 2008, Title II: Conservation.” http://www.ers.usda.gov/FarmBill/
   Google Scholar
• USDA FS-696 (United States Department of Agriculture: Forest Service). 2000. “US Forest Facts and Historical Trends (RPA Assessment).” http://www.fia.fs.fed.us/library/briefings-summaries-overviews/docs/ForestFacts.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yonavjak, L., and T. Gartner. 2011. “Gaining Ground: Increasing Conservation Easements in the US South.” World Resources Institute Issue Brief 7: 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Young, J., A. Watt, P. Nowicki, D. Alard, J. Clitherow, K. Henle, R. Johnson, et al. 2005. “Towards Sustainable Land Use: Identifying and Managing the Conflicts Between Human Activities and Biodiversity Conservation in Europe.” Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 1641–1661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar