A Bayesian network highlighting the linkages between landscape structure and the local economy: the case of agritourism in lowland areas of Northern Italy

References

• Alessa, Lilian N., Andrew A. Kliskey, and Gregory Brown. 2008. “Social–Ecological Hotspots Mapping: A Spatial Approach for Identifying Coupled Social–Ecological Space.” Landscape and Urban Planning 85 (1): 27–39. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.09.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arriaza, M., J.F. Cañas-Ortega, J.A. Cañas-Madueño, and P. Ruiz-Aviles. 2004. “Assessing the Visual Quality of Rural Landscapes.” Landscape and Urban Planning 69 (1): 115–125. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bélair, C., K. Ichikawa, B.Y.L. Wong, and K.J. Mulongoy, eds. 2010. Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity in Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes. Background to the “Satoyama Initiative for the Benefit of Biodiversity and Human Well-Being.” Technical Series. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd, James. 2007. “Nonmarket Benefits of Nature: What Should Be Counted in Green GDP?” Ecological Economics 61 (4): 716–723. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.06.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, Thomas C., John C. Bergstrom, and John B. Loomis. 2007. “Defining, Valuing, and Providing Ecosystem Goods and Services.” Natural Resources Journal 47 (2): 329–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunson, Mark W., and Lynn Huntsinger. 2008. “Synthesis Paper Ranching as a Conservation Strategy: Can Old Ranchers Save the New West ?” Rangeland Ecology and Management 61 (Mar.): 137–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, Brett A., Christopher M. Raymond, Neville D. Crossman, and Darla H. Macdonald. 2010. “Targeting the Management of Ecosystem Services Based on Social Values: Where, What, and How?” Landscape and Urban Planning 97 (2): 111–122. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.002.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kai M. A., Terre Satterfield, and Joshua Goldstein. 2012. “Rethinking Ecosystem Services to Better Address and Navigate Cultural Values.” Ecological Economics 74 (Feb.): 8–18. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.11.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costanza, Robert, Ida Kubiszewski, David Ervin, Randy Bluffstone, James Boyd, Darrell Brown, Heejun Chang, et al. 2011. “Valuing Ecological Systems and Services.” F1000 Biology Reports 3 (Jul.): 1–14. doi:10.3410/B3-14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Courtney, Paul, Gary Hill, and Deborah Roberts. 2006. “The Role of Natural Heritage in Rural Development: An Analysis of Economic Linkages in Scotland.” Journal of Rural Studies 22 (4): 469–484. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel, Terry C., Andreas Muhar, Arne Arnberger, Olivier Aznar, James W. Boyd, Kai M. A. Chan, Robert Costanza, et al. 2012. “Contributions of Cultural Services to the Ecosystem Services Agenda.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (23): 8812–8819. doi:10.1073/pnas.1114773109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groot, R.S., R. Alkemade, L. Braat, L. Hein, and L. Willemen. 2010. “Challenges in Integrating the Concept of Ecosystem Services and Values in Landscape Planning, Management and Decision Making.” Ecological Complexity 7 (3): 260–272. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006.
   Google Scholar
• Dománski, B, and K. Gwosdz. 2010. “Multiplier Effects in Local and Regional Development.” Quaestiones Geographicae 29 (2): 27–37. doi:10.2478/v10117-010-0012-7.A.
   Google Scholar
• Dramstad, Wenche, and Christina Sogge, eds. 2003. “Agricultural Impacts on Landscapes: Developing Indicators for Policy Analysis. NIJOS/OECD Expert Meeting on Agricultural Landscape Indicators in Oslo. Oslo: NIJOS. http://www.skogoglandskap.no/filearchive/nettrapport07-08.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Düspohl, Meike, Sina Frank, and Petra Döll. 2012. “A Review of Bayesian Networks as a Participatory Modeling Approach in Support of Sustainable Environmental Management.” Journal of Sustainable Development 5 (12): 1–18. doi:10.5539/jsd.v5n12p1.
   Google Scholar
• Fagerholm, Nora, Niina Käyhkö, Festo Ndumbaro, and Miza Khamis. 2012. “Community Stakeholders' Knowledge in Landscape Assessments – Mapping Indicators for Landscape Services.” Ecological Indicators 18 (Jul.): 421–433. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.12.004.
   Google Scholar
• Fanfani, Roberto, and Renato Pieri, eds. 2012. Il Sistema Agro-Alimentare dell'Emilia-Romagna, 2011. Repubblica di San Marino: Maggioli editore.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, Brendan, R. Kerry Turner, and Paul Morling. 2009. “Defining and Classifying Ecosystem Services for Decision Making.” Ecological Economics 68 (3): 643–653. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.09.014.
   Google Scholar
• Franco, Daniel, and Luca Luiselli. 2014. “Shared Ecological Knowledge and Wetland Values: A Case Study.” Land Use Policy 41 (Nov.): 526–532. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.04.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galimberti, G, M. Raggi, and D. Viaggi. 2014. Landscape Perception and Ecosystem Service Uses: Some Results from Surveys and Latent Variable Models. Report on WP4 Case Study Activities: The Eastern Ferrara Lowlands. Bologna: CLAIM Project.
   Google Scholar
• Garrod, Brian. 2011. “Diversification into Farm Tourism: Case Studies from Wales.” In Contemporary Cases Online, edited by Alan Fyall and Brian Garrod, 1–20. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Gobster, Paul H., Joan I. Nassauer, Terry C. Daniel, and Gary Fry. 2007. “The Shared Landscape: What Does Aesthetics Have to Do with Ecology?” Landscape Ecology 22 (7): 959–972. doi:10.1007/s10980-007-9110-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines-Young, R. 2011. “Exploring Ecosystem Service Issues Across Diverse Knowledge Domains Using Bayesian Belief Networks.” Progress in Physical Geography 35 (5): 681–699. doi:10.1177/0309133311422977.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines-Young, Roy, and Marion Potschin. 2010. “The Links Between Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being.” In Ecosystem Ecology: A New Synthesis, edited by David G. Raffaelli and Christopher L. J. Frid, 110–139. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hegarty, Cecilia, and Lucyna Przezborska. 2005. “Rural and Agri-Tourism as a Tool for Reorganising Rural Areas in Old and New Member States ? A Comparison Study of Ireland and Poland.” International Journal of Tourism Research 7 (2): 63–77. doi:10.1002/jtr.513.
   Google Scholar
• Howley, Peter, Cathal O. Donoghue, and Stephen Hynes. 2012. “Exploring Public Preferences for Traditional Farming Landscapes.” Landscape and Urban Planning 104 (1): 66–74. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.09.006.
   Google Scholar
• Isola, Marcella, and Andrea Zuppiroli. 2010. Agriturismo, Scelta per La Competitività. Bologna: Region Emilia-Romagna.
   Google Scholar
• ISTAT 2010. Italian National Institute of Statistics. http://dati.istat.it/.
   Google Scholar
• ISTAT 2011. Annuario Statistico Italiano. Italian National Institute of Statistics http://www3.istat.it/dati/catalogo/20111216_00/PDF/cap24.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Sandra, Sama Low-Choy, and Kerrie Mengersen. 2012. “Integrating Bayesian Networks and Geographic Information Systems: Good Practice Examples.” Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 8 (3): 473–479. doi:10.1002/ieam.262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, Robert J., and Marc Russell. 2011. “An Operational Structure for Clarity in Ecosystem Service Values.” Ecological Economics 70 (12): 2243–2249. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800911002783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones-Walters, Lawrence. 2008. “Biodiversity in Multifunctional Landscapes.” Journal for Nature Conservation 16 (2): 117–119. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2008.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kareiva, Peter, Heather Tallis, Taylor H. Ricketts, Gretchen C. Daily, and Stephen Polasky. 2011. Natural Capital: Theory and Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kienast, Felix, Janine Bolliger, Marion Potschin, Rudolf S. de Groot, Peter H. Verburg, Iris Heller, Dirk Wascher, and R. Haines-Young. 2009. “Assessing Landscape Functions with Broad-Scale Environmental Data: Insights Gained from a Prototype Development for Europe.” Environmental Management 44 (6): 1099–1120. doi:10.1007/s00267-009-9384-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjaerulff, Uffe B. 1995. “dHugin: A Computational System for Dynamic Time-Sliced Bayesian Networks.” International Journal of Forecasting 11: 89–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjaerulff, Uffe B., and Anders L. Madsen. 2013. Bayesian Networks and Influence Diagrams: A Guide to Construction and Analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Klug, Hermann, and Petra Jenewein. 2010. “Spatial Modelling of Agrarian Subsidy Payments as an Input for Evaluating Changes of Ecosystem Services.” Ecological Complexity 7 (3): 368–377. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.12.005.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, M, and P. Kumar. 2007. “Valuation of the Ecosystem Services: A Psycho-Cultural Perspective.” Ecological Economics 64 (4): 808–819. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.05.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landuyt, Dries, Steven Broekx, Rob D'hondt, Guy Engelen, Joris Aertsens, and Peter L.M. Goethals. 2013. “A Review of Bayesian Belief Networks in Ecosystem Service Modelling.” Environmental Modelling and Software 46 (Apr.): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.03.011.
   Google Scholar
• Maes, Joachim, Anne Teller, Markus Erhard, , Camino Liquete, Leon Braat, Pam Berry, Benis Egoh, et al. 2013. Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and Their Services: An Analytical Framework for Ecosystem Assessments under Action 5 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. Luxembourg: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Maki, Daniel P., and Maynard Thompson. 1973. Mathematical Models and Applications: With Emphasis on the Social Life, and Management Sciences. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. http://sol.unibo.it/SebinaOpac/Opac?action=search&thNomeDocumento=UBO1260274T.
   Google Scholar
• Marcot, Bruce G., Richard S. Holthausen, Martin G. Raphael, Mary M. Rowland, and Michael J. Wisdom. 2001. “Using Bayesian Belief Networks to Evaluate Fish and Wildlife Population Viability Under Land Management Alternatives from an Environmental Impact Statement.” Forest Ecology and Management 153 (1–3): 29–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcot, Bruce G., J. Douglas Steventon, Glenn D. Sutherland, and Robert K. McCann. 2006. “Guidelines for Developing and Updating Bayesian Belief Networks Applied to Ecological Modeling and Conservation.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36: 3063–3074. doi:10.1139/X06-135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann, Robert K., Bruce G. Marcot, and Rick Ellis. 2006. “Bayesian Belief Networks: Applications in Ecology and Natural Resource Management.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36: 3053–3062. doi:10.1139/X06-238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey, Jon T., Robert J. Lilieholm, and Christopher Cronan. 2011. “Using Bayesian Belief Networks to Identify Potential Compatibilities and Conflicts between Development and Landscape Conservation.” Landscape and Urban Planning 101 (2): 190–203. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.011.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, M.G., and M. Henrion. 1990. Uncertainty: A Guide to Dealing with Uncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Policy Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, Felix, and Benjamin Burkhard. 2012. “The Indicator Side of Ecosystem Services.” Ecosystem Services 1 (1): 26–30. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadkarni, Sucheta, and Prakash P. Shenoy. 2004. “A Causal Mapping Approach to Constructing Bayesian Networks.” Decision Support Systems 38: 259–281. doi:10.1016/S0167-9236(03)00095-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, Erik, Guillermo Mendoza, James Regetz, Stephen Polasky, Heather Tallis, Drichard Cameron, Kai M.A Chan, et al. 2009. “Modeling Multiple Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity Conservation, Commodity Production, and Tradeoffs at Landscape Scales.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7 (1): 4–11. doi:10.1890/080023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. 2001. OECD Environmental Indicators: Towards Sustainable Development. Paris: OECD Publications.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2009. The Role of Agriculture and Farm Household Diversification in the Rural Economy: Evidence and Initial Policy Implications. Paris: OECD Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Paracchini, Maria L., and Claudia Capitani. 2011. Implementation of an EU Wide Indicator for the Rural-Agrarian Landscape Water. Luxembourg: European Union. doi:10.2788/25137.
   Google Scholar
• Parra-López, Carlos, Jeroen C.J. Groot, Carmen Carmona-Torres, and Walter A.H.H Rossing. 2008. “Integrating Public Demands into Model-Based Design for Multifunctional Agriculture: An Application to Intensive Dutch Dairy Landscapes.” Ecological Economics 67 (4): 538–551. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.01.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, John, Robert Costanza, Harpinder Sandhu, Lene Sigsgaard, and Steve Wratten. 2009. “The Value of Producing Food, Energy, and Ecosystem Services Within an Agro-Ecosystem.” Ambio 38 (4): 186–193. doi:10.1579/0044-7447-38.4.186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretty, Jules, Craig Brett, David Gee, Rachel Hine, Chris Mason, James Morison, Matthew Rayment, Gert Van DerBijl, and Thomas Dobbs. 2001. “Policy Challenges and Priorities for Internalizing the Externalities of Modern Agriculture.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 44 (2): 263–283. doi:10.1080/09640560123782.
   Google Scholar
• Rawlins, A., and J. Morris. 2010. “Social and Economic Aspects of Peatland Management in Northern Europe, with Particular Reference to the English Case.” Geoderma 154 (3–4): 242–251. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.02.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond, Christopher M., Brett A. Bryan, Darla Hatton MacDonald, Andrea Cast, Sarah Strathearn, Agnes Grandgirard, and Tina Kalivas. 2009. “Mapping Community Values for Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services.” Ecological Economics 68 (5): 1301–1315. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.12.006.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Carl S., Alison L. Howes, Bronwyn Price, and Clive A. McAlpine. 2007. “Using a Bayesian Belief Network to Predict Suitable Habitat of an Endangered Mammal – the Julia Creek Dunnart (Sminthopsis Douglasi).” Biological Conservation 139 (3–4): 333–347. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.06.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soini, Katriina, Hanne Vaarala, and Eija Pouta. 2012. “Residents' Sense of Place and Landscape Perceptions at the Rural–Urban Interface.” Landscape and Urban Planning 104 (1): 124–134. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.10.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelzenmüller, V., T. Schulze, H. Fock, and J. Berkenhagen. 2011. “Integrated Modelling Tools to Support Risk-Based Decision-Making in Marine Spatial Management.” Marine Ecology Progress Series 441 (Nov.): 197–212. doi:10.3354/meps09354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Zhanli, and Daniel Müller. 2013. “A Framework for Modeling Payments for Ecosystem Services with Agent-Based Models, Bayesian Belief Networks and Opinion Dynamics Models.” Environmental Modelling and Software 45 (July): 15–28. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.06.007. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364815212001892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2012. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Valbuena, Diego, Peter H. Verburg, and Arnold K. Bregt. 2008. “A Method to Define a Typology for Agent-Based Analysis in Regional Land-Use Research.” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 128 (1–2): 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2008.04.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Biest, K., R. D'Hondt, S. Jacobs, D. Landuyt, J. Staes, P. Goethals, and P. Meire. 2014. “EBI: An Index for Delivery of Ecosystem Service Bundles.” Ecological Indicators 37: 252–265. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.04.006.
   Google Scholar
• van Zanten, Boris T., Peter H. Verburg, Maria Espinosa, Sergio Gomez-y-Paloma, Giuliano Galimberti, Jochen Kantelhardt, Martin Kapfer, et al. 2013. “European Agricultural Landscapes, Common Agricultural Policy and Ecosystem Services: A Review.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 34 (2): 309–325. doi:10.1007/s13593-013-0183-4.
   Google Scholar
• van Zanten, Boris T., Peter H. Verburg, Mark J. Koetse, and Pieter J.H. van Beukering. 2014. “Preferences for European Agrarian Landscapes: A Meta-Analysis of Case Studies.” Landscape and Urban Planning 132 (Dec.): 89–101. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.08.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldhardt, Rainer, Martin Bach, René Borresch, Lutz Breuer, Tim Diekötter, Hans-Georg Frede, Stefan Gäth, et al. 2010. “Evaluating Today's Landscape Multifunctionality and Providing an Alternative Future: A Normative Scenario Approach.” Ecology and Society 15 (3): 30. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss3/art30/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar