Floods in the Douala metropolis, Cameroon: attribution to changes in rainfall characteristics or planning failures?

References

• Aderogba, K.A. 2012. “Global Warming and Challenges of Floods in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria.” Journal of Academy Research International 2 (1): 456–468.
   Google Scholar
• Ajonina, G.N. 2008. Inventory and Modelling Mangrove Forest Stand Dynamics Following Different Levels of Wood Exploitation Pressures in the Douala-Edea Atlantic Coast of Cameroon, Central Africa. PhD, Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität.
   Google Scholar
• Barau, A.S., R. Maconachie, A.N.M. Ludin, and A. Abdulhamid. 2015. “Urban Morphology Dynamics and Environmental Change in Kano, Nigeria.” Land Use Policy 42 (0): 307–317. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.08.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biesbroek, G.R., C.J. Termeer, J.E. Klostermann, and P. Kabat. 2013. “Analytical Lenses on Barriers in the Governance of Climate Change Adaptation.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 19 (7): 1011–1032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S., A.S. Kebede, and R.J. Nicholls. 2011. Sea-Level Rise and Impacts in Africa, 2000 to 2100. Southampton: University of Southampton.
   Google Scholar
• Chalabi, Z., and S. Kovats. 2014. “Tools for Developing Adaptation Policy to Protect Human Health.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 19 (3): 309–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, A., S. Djordjevic, J. Leandro, and D. Savic. 2010. “An Analysis of the Combined Consequences of Pluvial and Fluvial Flooding.” Water Science and Technology 62 (7): 1491–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clichevsky, N. 2003. “Urban Land Markets and Disasters: Floods in Argentina's Cities.” In Building Safer Cities: The Future of Disaster Risk, edited by A. Kreimer, M. Arnold, and A. Carlin, 165–176. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Cutter, S.L., L. Barnes, M. Berry, C. Burton, E. Evans, E. Tate, and J. Webb. 2008. A Place-Based Model for Understanding Community Resilience to Natural Disasters.” Global Environmental Change 18 (4): 598–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giulio, M., and K. Kinabalu. 2011. “Habitat Fragmentation in Densely Populated Landscapes.” In Encyclopedia of the Earth, edited by M. McGinley. http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/51cbedf27896bb431f694f08.
   Google Scholar
• Du, J., J. Fang, W. Xu, and P. Shi. 2013. “Analysis of Dry/Wet Conditions Using the Standardized Precipitation Index and Its Potential Usefulness for Drought/Flood Monitoring in Hunan Province, China.” Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 27 (2): 377–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinoza, J.C., J.A. Marengo, J. Ronchail, J.M. Carpio, L.N. Flores, and J.L. Guyot. 2014. “The Extreme 2014 Flood in South-Western Amazon Basin: The Role of Tropical-Subtropical South Atlantic SST Gradient.” Environmental Research Letters 9 (12): 124007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Few, R., M. Ahern, F. Matthies, and S. Kovats. 2004. Floods, Health and Climate Change: A Strategic Review. Norwich: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
   Google Scholar
• Fogwe, Z.N. 2015. “Perception of Some Recent Flood Risks and Hazards in Cameroon in Dominique.” In De la faillite de la santé urbaine à la ville-santé au Cameroun regards croisés entre acteurs, pratiques, défis et enjeux, edited by D.M. Abomo, 34–49. Saarbrucken: Edition Universitaires Europeennes, OmnScriptum.
   Google Scholar
• Fonchingong, L.J. 2013. “Quartier Precaires de la ville de Douala.” Press release. Douala, Cameroon: Fondation Camerounaise de la Terre Vivante. http://www.fctvcameroun.org/profiles/blogs/quartier-precaires-de-la-ville-de-douala
   Google Scholar
• Groupe Huit-AS Consultants and DEPUDD-CUD. 2013. Plan Directeur d'Urbanisme de Douala à l'horizon 2025 (Vol. AFD/C2D - CUD). Douala: Communauté Urbaine de Douala.
   Google Scholar
• Guha-Sapir, D., P. Hoyois, and R. Below. 2014. Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2013: The Numbers and Trends. Louvain-la-Neuve: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain – Brussels, Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• Hallegatte, S., C. Green, R.J. Nicholls, and J. Corfee-Morlot. 2013. “Future Flood Losses in Major Coastal Cities.” Nature Climate Change 3 (9): 802–806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, S., R. Nicholls, N. Ranger, S. Hallegatte, J. Corfee-Morlot, C. Herweijer, and J. Chateau.2011. “A Global Ranking of Port Cities with High Exposure to Climate Extremes.” Climatic Change 104 (1): 89–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington, T.G. 2006. “Evidence for Intensification of the Global Water Cycle: Review and Synthesis.” Journal of Hydrology 319 (1): 83–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INS (Institut National de le Statistique). 2011. Annuaire Statistique du Cameroun – 2011. Yaounde: INS-MINEPAT.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis Summary for Policy Makers (Vol. IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report). Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2012. Managing The Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edited by Christopher B Field, Vicente Barros, Thomas F. Stocker, and Qin Dahe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014a. “Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report.” In Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. Stechow, T. Zwickel, and J.C. Minx. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014b. “Summary for Policymakers.” In Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. Stechow, T. Zwickel, and J.C. Minx. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jevrejeva, S., J.C. Moore, and A. Grinsted. 2012. “Sea Level Projections to AD2500 with a New Generation of Climate Change Scenarios.” Global and Planetary Change 80: 14–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, H.M., and F. Yusof. 2012. “Homogeneity Tests on Daily Rainfall Series.” International Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Sciences 7 (1): 9–22.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, R.J., R.J. Nicholls, and F. Thomalla. 2003. “The Resilience of Coastal Megacities to Weather-Related Hazards.” In Building Safer Cities: The Future of Disaster Risk, edited by Alcira Kreimer, Margaret Arnold and Anne Carlin, 101–120. Washington DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Kreimer, A., M. Arnold, and A. Carlin. 2003, eds. Building Safer Cities: The Future of Disaster Risk, Disaster Risk Management Series. Washington DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Landau, S., and B. Everitt. 2004. A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using SPSS. Vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
   Google Scholar
• Langousis, A., and D. Veneziano. 2007. “Intensity‐Duration‐Frequency Curves from Scaling Representations of Rainfall.” Water Resources Research 43 (2); 1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaning, J., and D. Guha-Sapir. 2013. “Natural Disasters, Armed Conflict, and Public Health.” New England Journal of Medicine 369 (19): 1836–1842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCuen, R.H. 1989. Hydrologic Analysis and Design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Meehl, G.A., W.M. Washington, W.D. Collins, J.M. Arblaster, A. Hu, L.E. Buja, and H. Teng. 2005. “How Much More Global Warming and Sea Level Rise?” Science 307 (5716): 1769–1772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merz, B., J. Hall, M. Disse, and A. Schumann. 2010. “Fluvial Flood Risk Management in a Changing World.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 10 (3): 509–527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MINEE. 2009. Plan d'action national de gestion integree des ressources en eau (PANGIRE) Etat des Lieux du Secteur Eau et Environnement. Yaounde: Ministere de l'Energie et de l'Eau (MINEE) and Global Water Partnership.
   Google Scholar
• MINHDU. 2014. “Villes d'Afrique Centrale et Changement Climatique.” In Environnement: les Villes d'Afrique Centrale s'engagent. Yaounde, Cameroun: Ministère de l'Habitat et du Développement Urbain. http://www.minhdu.gov.cm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=824%3Aactu&catid=1%3Aactualites&Itemid=200040&lang=fr
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, K. 2015. Application of the Multiple Exposures Multiple Effects Model to Four Flood Events in Canada: Lessons Learned for Public Health Adaptation to Extreme Precipitation and Flooding in the Context of Climate Change. Ontario: The Peterborough County-City Health Unit.
   Google Scholar
• MPC, INS, and BUCREP. 2013. Cameroon Population and Housing Census 2005 from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Minneapolis: Minnesota Population Center – MPC, National Institute of Statistics, Cameroon – INS, Central Bureau of the Census and Population Studies, Cameroon – BUCREP.
   Google Scholar
• Ngangue, G.C.D. 2013. “Mangrove de l'estuaire du Wouri: enjeux de l'anthropisation d'un écosystème humide tropical et impacts environnementaux.” PhD Thesis, Université de Douala.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, R.J., N. Marinova, J.A. Lowe, S. Brown, P. Vellinga, D. De Gusmao, and R.S. Tol. 2011. “Sea-Level Rise and Its Possible Impacts Given a 'Beyond 4 C World' in the Twenty-First Century.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369 (1934): 161–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pataki, D.E., M.M. Carreiro, J. Cherrier, N.E. Grulke, V. Jennings, S. Pincetl, and W.C. Zipperer. 2011. “Coupling Biogeochemical Cycles in Urban Environments: Ecosystem Services, Green Solutions, and Misconceptions.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9 (1): 27–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettitt, A. 1979. “A Non-Parametric Approach to the Change-Point Problem.” Applied Statistics 28 (2): 126–135.
   Google Scholar
• Scrieciu, S.Ş., and Z. Chalabi. 2014. “Climate Policy Planning and Development Impact Assessment.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 19 (3): 255–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, E.M., K.J. Beven, N.A. Chappell, and R. Lamb. 2010. Hydrology in Practice. Fourth ed. New York: Spon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steiner, F. 2014. “Frontiers in Urban Ecological Design and Planning Research.” Landscape and Urban Planning 125: 304–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchindjang, M. 2013. Mapping of Natural Hazards in Cameroon. Yaounde: University of Yaounde 1.
   Google Scholar
• Tchindjang, M., J.A. Amougou, S.A. Abossolo, and S.B. Bell. 2012. “Challenges of Climate Change, Landscape Dynamics and Environmental Risks in Cameroon.” In Landscape Evolution, Neotectonics and Quaternary Environmental Change in Southern Cameroon: Palaeoecology of Africa, edited by Jürgen Runge, 237–286. Leiden: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tiepolo, M. 2014. “Flood Risk Reduction and Climate Change in Large Cities South of the Sahara.” In Climate Change Vulnerability in Southern African Cities: Building Knowledge for Adaptation, edited by Silvia Macchi and Maurizio Tiepolo, 19–36. Dordrecht: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Tomozeiu, R., A. Busuioc, V. Marletto, F. Zinoni, and C. Cacciamani. 2000. “Detection of Changes in the Summer Precipitation Time Series of the Region Emilia-Romagna, Italy.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 67 (3–4): 193–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenberth, K., P. Jones, P. Ambenje, R. Bojariu, D. Easterling, T. Klein, and B. Soden. 2007. “Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change.” In Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The Physical Science Basis, edited by S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller, 235–336. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP and OCHA. 2012. The Implications of Climate Change and Urbanization for Environmental Emergency Preparedness and Response. Keeping up with Megatrends. Geneva: Joint UNEP/OCHA Environment Unit, Environmental Emergencies Centre (EEC).
   Google Scholar
• UNEP and UN-Habitat. 2005. Coastal Area Pollution – The Role of Cities: Local Capacities for Global Agendas. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT).
   Google Scholar
• Urbanplan and CUD. 2009. “Urban Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy: City of Douala and Its Greater Urban Area.” In Stratégie de Développement de la Ville de Douala et de Son Aire Métropolitaine, edited by Jacques Barbier and Jean Grajux. Douala, Cameroon: Communaute Urbaine de Douala, Urban Plan International. http://docplayer.fr/98948-Strategie-de-developpement-de-la-ville-de-douala-et-de-son-aire-metropolitaine.html
   Google Scholar
• Vafeidis, A.T., R.J. Nicholls, L. McFadden, R.S. Tol, J. Hinkel, T. Spencer, and R.J. Klein. 2008. “A New Global Coastal Database for Impact and Vulnerability Analysis to Sea-Level Rise.” Journal of Coastal Research 24 (4): 917–924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilby, R.L., and R. Keenan. 2012. “Adapting to Flood Risk Under Climate Change.” Progress in Physical Geography 36 (3): 348–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2004. Poverty and Urban Mobility in Douala. Washington DC, USA: Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP), and International Solidarity on Transport and Research in Sub-Saharan Africa.
   Google Scholar