Missing the trees for the forest? Bottom-up policy implementation and adaptive management in the US natural resource bureaucracy

References

• Adler, Nancy J., and Mariann Jelinek. 1986. “Is ‘Organization Culture’ Culture Bound?” Human Resource Management 25 (1): 73–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan, C., and C. Allan. 2005. “Nipped in the Bud: Why Regional Scale Adaptive Management is Not Blooming.” Environmental Management 35 (3): 414–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, Craig R., Joseph J. Fontaine, Kevin L. Pope, and Ahjond S. Garmestani. 2011. “Adaptive Management for a Turbulent Future.” Journal of Environmental Management 92 (5): 1339–1345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, Craig R., and Lance H. Gunderson. 2011. “Pathology and Failure in the Design and Implementation of Adaptive Management.” Journal of Environmental Management 92 (5): 1379–1384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardach, E. 1977. The Implementation Game: What Happens After a Bill Becomes a Law. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, J.N., and D. McCool. 1996. Staking Out the Terrain: Power and Performance Among Natural Resource Agencies. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Danter, K.J., D.L. Griest, G.W. Mullins, and E. Norland. 2000. “Organizational Change as a Component of Ecosystem Management.” Society and Natural Resources 13 (6): 537–547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denzin, N.K., and Y.S. Lincoln. 2000. “The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research.” in Handbook of Qualitative Research 2, edited by N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln, 1-28. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dodgson, Mark. 1993. “Organizational Learning: A Review of Some Literatures.” Organization Studies 14 (3): 375–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs, A., and Rand Corporation. 1967. Inside Bureaucracy. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 264.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, Robin, Lee Failing, and Paul Higgins. 2006. “Adaptive Management and Environmental Decision Making: A Case Study Application to Water Use Planning.” Ecological Economics 58 (2): 434–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson, Lance. 1999. “Resilience, Flexibility and Adaptive Management: Antidotes for Spurious Certitude.” Conservation Ecology 3 (1): 7. http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/2472/http___www.ecologyandsociety.org_vol3_iss1_art7_.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Gunderson, Lance H. 2001. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Washington DC: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heinrich, C.J., and G. Marschke. 2010. “Incentives and Their Dynamics in Public Sector Performance Management Systems.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 29 (1): 183–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilborn, Raymond, and Carl J. Walters. 1992. “Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment: Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty.” Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 2 (2): 177–178.
   Google Scholar
• Hogwood, B.W., and L.A. Gunn. 1984. Policy Analysis for the Real World. Vol. 69. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holling, Crawford S. 1978. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. Caldwell, NJ: Blackburn Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holling, Crawford S., and Gary Meffe. 1996. “Command and Control and the Pathology of Natural Resource Management.” Conservation Biology 10 (2): 328–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, F.A., M.J. Eaton, J.H. Williams, G.H. Jensen, and J. Madsen. 2015. “Training Conservation Practitioners to be Better Decision Makers.” Sustainability 7 (7): 8354–8373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, Nigel, and Cristina Horrocks. 2010. Interviews in Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kingsford, Richard T., Harry C. Biggs, and Sharon R. Pollard. 2011. “Strategic Adaptive Management in Freshwater Protected Areas and Their Rivers.” Biological Conservation 144 (4): 1194–1203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langdridge, Darren. 2008. “Phenomenology and Critical Social Psychology: Directions and Debates in Theory and Research.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2 (3): 1126–1142.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, K.N. 1994. Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment. Washington DC: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsky, M. 1978. “Standing the Study of Public Policy Implementation on its Head.” in American Politics and Public Policy, edited by Walter Dean Burnham and Martha Weinberg, 391–402. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsky, M. 1993. “Street-Level Bureaucracy: An Introduction.” The Policy Process: A Reader , edited by Michael James Hill, 381–385. London: Harvester-Wheatsheaf.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, J.E., M.C. Runge, H.P. Laskowski, and W.L. Kendall. 2008. “Monitoring in the Context of Structured Decision‐Making and Adaptive Management.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 72 (8): 1683–1692.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLain, Rebecca J., and Robert G. Lee. 1996. “Adaptive Management: Promises and Pitfalls.” Environmental Management 20 (4): 437–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, Clinton T., Eric V. Lonsdorf, Melinda G. Knutson, Harold P. Laskowski, and Socheata K. Lor. 2011. “Adaptive Management in the US National Wildlife Refuge System: Science-Management Partnerships for Conservation Delivery.” Journal of Environmental Management 92 (5): 1395–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, James D., Fred A. Johnson, and Byron K. Williams. 1995. “Managing North American Waterfowl in the Face of Uncertainty.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26: 177–199.
   Google Scholar
• Nichols, James D., and Byron K. Williams. 2006. “Monitoring for Conservation.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21 (12): 668–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pressman, J.L., and A.B. Wildavsky. 1984. Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington are Dashed in Oakland: Or, Why it's Amazing That Federal Programs Work at All, This Being a Saga of the Economic Development Administration as Told by Two Sympathetic Observers Who Seek to Build Morals on a Foundation of Ruined Hopes. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Runge, M.C. 2011. “An Introduction to Adaptive Management for Threatened and Endangered Species.” Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 2 (2): 220–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabatier, P.A. 1986. “Top-Down and Bottom-up Approaches to Implementation Research: A Critical Analysis and Suggested Synthesis.” Journal of Public Policy 6 (01): 21–48.
   Google Scholar
• Sabatier, P., and D. Mazmanian. 1980. “The Implementation of Public Policy: A Framework of Analysis.” Policy Studies Journal 8 (4): 538–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schein, Edgar H. 1993. “How Can Organizations Learn Faster? The Challenge of Entering the Green Room.” Sloan Management Review 34 (2): 85–92.
   Google Scholar
• Schein, Edgar H. 1996. “Culture: The Missing Concept in Organization Studies.” Administrative Science Quarterly 41: 229–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selznick, Philip. 1948. “Foundations of the Theory of Organization.” American Sociological Review 13 (1): 25–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaargaren, G. 2011. “Theories of Practices: Agency, Technology, and Culture: Exploring the Relevance of Practice Theories for the Governance of Sustainable Consumption Practices in the New World-Order.” Global Environmental Change 21 (3): 813–822.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stake, R.E. 2013. Multiple Case Study Analysis. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stankey, G.H., B. Bormann, C. Ryan, B. Shindler, V. Sturtevant, R. Clark, and C. Philpot. 2003. “Adaptive Management and the Northwest Forest Plan: Rhetoric and Reality.” Journal of Forestry 101 (1): 40–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P.C. 2000. “New Environmental Theories: Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior.” Journal of Social Issues 56 (3): 407–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, Carl J. 1986. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. New York: Blackburn Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walters, Carl. 1997. “Challenges in Adaptive Management of Riparian and Coastal Ecosystems.” Conservation Ecology 1 (2): 1. http://legacy.juniata.edu/projects/it110/ms/References/460_Coastal%20Zone%20management/Protected%20areas%20and%20management/1_Adaptive%20coastal_management.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Walters, Carl J. 2007. “Is Adaptive Management Helping to Solve Fisheries Problems?” AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 36 (4): 304–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, Carl J., and Crawford Stanley Holling. 1990. “Large-Scale Management Experiments and Learning by Doing.” Ecology 71 (6): 2060–2068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, Carl J., and Ray Hilborn. 1978. “Ecological Optimization and Adaptive Management.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9: 157–188.
   Google Scholar
• Walters, Carl J., and Roger Green. 1997. “Valuation of Experimental Management Options for Ecological Systems.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 987–1006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, C. H. 1978. “Improving the Linkage Between Social Research and Public Policy.” in Knowledge and Policy: The Uncertain Connection, edited by Laurence E. Lynn Jr, 23–81. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Byron K. 2011a. “Adaptive Management of Natural Resources—Framework and Issues.” Journal of Environmental Management 92 (5): 1346–1353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, Byron K. 2011b. “Passive and Active Adaptive Approaches.” Journal of Environmental Management 92 (5): 1371–1378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, Byron K., Mitchell J. Eaton, and David R. Breininger. 2011. “Adaptive Resource Management and the Value of Information.” Ecological Modelling 222 (18): 3429–3436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, Byron K., Robert C. Szaro, and Carl D. Shapiro. 2007. Adaptive Management: The US Department of the Interior Technical Guide. Washington DC: US Department of the Interior, Adaptive Management Working Group.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, James Q. 1989. Bureaucracy. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, Robert K. 2009. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Vol. 5. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar