800
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review article

Energy use and urbanization as determinants of China’s environmental quality: prospects of the Paris climate agreement

, , , &
Pages 2363-2386 | Received 21 Nov 2020, Accepted 16 Aug 2021, Published online: 21 Nov 2021

References

  • Adams, S., E. Boateng, and A.O. Acheampong. 2020. “Transport Energy Consumption and Environmental Quality: Does Urbanization Matter?” The Science of the Total Environment 744: 140617. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140617.
  • Ahmed, Z., M. M. Asghar, M. N. Malik, and K. Nawaz. 2020. “Moving towards a Sustainable Environment: The Dynamic Linkage between Natural Resources, Human Capital, Urbanization, Economic Growth, and Ecological Footprint in China.” Resources Policy. 67: 101677. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101677.
  • Ahmed, Z., Zafar, M. W. Ali, and S. Danish. 2020. “Linking Urbanization, Human Capital, and the Ecological Footprint in G7 Countries: An Empirical Analysis.” Sustainable Cities and Society 55: 102064. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102064.
  • Al-Mulali, U., and I. Ozturk. 2015. “The Effect of Energy Consumption, Urbanization, Trade Openness, Industrial Output, and the Political Stability on the Environmental Degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) Region.” Energy 84: 382–389. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.004.
  • Al-Mulali, U., C. Weng-Wai, L. Sheau-Ting, and A. H. Mohammed. 2015. “Investigating the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis by Utilizing the Ecological Footprint as an Indicator of Environmental Degradation.” Ecological Indicators 48: 315–323. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.029.
  • Alexander, J., M. Id, and R. York. 2018. “Asymmetric Relationship of Urbanization and CO2 Emissions in Less Developed Countries.” PLoS ONE 13 (12): 1–12.
  • Ali, R., K. Bakhsh, and M. A. Yasin. 2019. “Impact of Urbanization on CO2 Emissions in Emerging Economy: Evidence from Pakistan.” Sustainable Cities and Society 48: 101553. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2019.101553.
  • Alola, A. A., F. V. Bekun, and S.A. Sarkodie. 2019. “Dynamic Impact of Trade Policy, Economic Growth, Fertility Rate, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on Ecological Footprint in Europe.” Science of the Total Environment 685: 702–709. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.139.
  • Anderson, C. H. 1976. The Sociology of Survival: Social Problems of Growth. Homewood, IL:Dorsey Press.
  • Antonakakis, N., I. Chatziantoniou, and G. Filis. 2017. “Dilemma Crossmark.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 68: 808–824. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.105.
  • Arshad Ansari, M., S. Haider, and N.A. Khan. 2020. “Environmental Kuznets Curve Revisited: An Analysis Using Ecological and Material Footprint.” Ecological Indicators 115: 106416. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106416.
  • Aye, G.C., and P.E. Edoja. 2017. “Effect of Economic Growth on CO2 Emission in Developing Countries: Evidence from a Dynamic Panel Threshold Model.” Cogent Economics & Finance 5 (1): 1379239–1379222. doi:10.1080/23322039.2017.1379239.
  • Bernard, J., and S.K. Mandal. 2016. “The Impact of Trade Openness on Environmental Quality: An Empirical Analysis of Emerging and Developing Economies.” 203. doi:10.2495/EID160181.
  • Bilgili, F., İ. Öztürk, E. Koçak, Ü Bulut, Y. Pamuk, E. Muğaloğlu, and H. H. Bağlıtaş. 2016. “The Influence of Biomass Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions: A Wavelet Coherence Approach.” Environmental Science Pollution Research 23: 19043–19061. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7094-2.
  • Bottel, Frederick H., and William L. Flinn. 1977. “The Interdependence of Rural and Urban Environmental Problems in Advanced Capitalist Societies: Models of Linkage.” Sociologia Ruralis 17 (2): 255–281. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1977.tb00870.x.
  • Charfeddine, L. 2017. “The Impact of Energy Consumption and Economic Development on Ecological Footprint and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from a Markov Switching Equilibrium Correction Model.” Energy Economics 65: 355–374. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2017.05.009.
  • Charfeddine, L., and K. Ben Khediri. 2016. “Financial Development and Environmental Quality in UAE: Cointegration with Structural Breaks.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55: 1322–1335. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.059.
  • Charfeddine, L., and Z. Mrabet. 2017. “The Impact of Economic Development and Social-Political Factors on Ecological Footprint: A Panel Data Analysis for 15 MENA Countries.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76: 138–154. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.031.
  • Chen, Haiyan, Beisi Jia, and S.S.Y. Lau. 2008. “Sustainable Urban Form for Chinese Compact Cities: Challenges of a Rapid Urbanized Economy.” Habitat International 32 (1): 28–40. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2007.06.005.
  • Chen, W., and T. E. Graedel. 2015. “In-Use Product Stocks Link Manufactured Capital to Natural Capital.” 112. doi:10.1073/pnas.1406866112.
  • Cole, M. A., and E. Neumayer. 2004. “Examining the Impact of Demographic Factors on Air Pollution.” Population and Environment 26 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1023/B:POEN.0000039950.85422.eb.
  • Copeland, B. R., and M. S. Taylor. 2003. “Trade, Growth and the Environment.” National Bureau of Economic Research 54: 101966.
  • Danish, Ulucak, R., and S. U. D. Khan. 2020. “Determinants of the Ecological Footprint: Role of Renewable Energy, Natural Resources, and Urbanization.” Sustainable Cities and Society 54: 101996. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2019.101996.
  • Destek, M.A., and A. Sinha. 2020. “Renewable, Non-Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Ecological Footprint: Evidence from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Countries.” Journal of Cleaner Production 242: 118537. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537.
  • Dickey, David A., and Wayne A. Fuller. 1979. “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 74 (366a): 427–431. doi:10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531.
  • Dincer, I. 2000. “Environmental Impacts of Energy.” Energy Policy 27: 845–854.
  • Dogan, E., R. Ulucak, E. Kocak, and C. Isik. 2020. “The Use of Ecological Footprint in Estimating the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for BRICST by Considering Cross-Section Dependence and Heterogeneity.” The Science of the Total Environment 723: 138063. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138063.
  • Engle, R. F. and C. W. J. Granger. 1987. “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing.” Econometrica 55 (2): 251–276.
  • Ertugrul, H.M., M. Cetin, F. Seker, and E. Dogan. 2016. “The Impact of Trade Openness on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence from the Top Ten Emitters among Developing Countries.” Ecological Indicators 67: 543–555. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.027.
  • Fang, Z., X. Gao, and C. Sun. 2020. “Do Financial Development, Urbanization and Trade Affect.” Journal of Cleaner Production 259: 120892. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120892.
  • Frankel, J. 2009. “Environmental Effects of International Trade.” Harvard Kennedy School Harvard University 006: 617–495.
  • Halicioglu, F., and N. Ketenci. 2016. “The Impact of International Trade on Environmental Quality: The Case of Transition Countries.” Energy 109: 1130–1138. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.05.013.
  • He, H., and H. Cui. 2019. “China Announced 2019 Subsidies for New Energy Vehicles.” International Council on Clean Transportation. https://theicct.org/publications/china-announced-2019-subsidies-new-energy-vehicles
  • IEA. 2017. “World Energy Outlook 2017 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY” www.iea.org.
  • IEA. 2018. “Global Energy and CO2 Status Report: The Least Trends in Energy and Emissions in 2018.” International Energy Agency. www.iea.org. https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2461?fileName=Global_Energy_and_CO2_Status_Report_2018.pdf.
  • IEA. 2019. “Global Energy and CO2 Status Report 2019 - Analysis.” International Energy Agency https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-co2-status-report-2019
  • Johansen, S. 1995. “A Statistical Analysis of Cointegration for I (2) Variables.” Econometric Theory 11 (1): 25–59. doi:10.1017/S0266466600009026.
  • Johansen, Soren. 1991. “Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models.” Econometrica 59 (6): 1551–1580. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.
  • Jorgenson, A.K. 2005. “Unpacking International Power and the Ecological Footprints of Nations: A Quantitative Cross-National Study.” Sociological Perspectives 48 (3): 383–402. doi:10.1525/sop.2005.48.3.383.
  • Juntti, M., H. Costa, and N. Nascimento. 2019. “Urban Environmental Quality and Wellbeing in the Context of Incomplete Urbanisation in Brazil: Integrating Directly Experienced Ecosystem Services into Planning.” Progress in Planning 143: 1000433. doi:10.1016/j.progress.2019.04.003.
  • Khan, I., and F. Hou. 2021a. “Does Multilateral Environmental Diplomacy Improve Environmental Quality? The Case of the United States.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28: 23310–23322.
  • Khan, I., and F. Hou. 2021b. “The Impact of Socio Economic and Environmental Sustainability on ­ CO2 Emissions: A Novel Framework for Thirty IEA Countries.” Social Indicators Research 155 (3): 1045–1076. doi:10.1007/s11205-021-02629-3.
  • Khan, I., and F. Hou. 2021c. “The Dynamic Links among Energy Consumption, Tourism Growth, and the Ecological Footprint: The Role of Environmental Quality in 38 IEA Countries.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28: 5049–5062. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10861-6.
  • Khan, I., F. Hou, M. Irfan, A. Zakari, and H. Phong. 2021. “Does Energy Trilemma a Driver of Economic Growth? The Roles of Energy Use, Population Growth, and Financial Development.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 146: 111157. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111157.
  • Khan, I., F. Hou, and H. P. Le. 2021. “The Impact of Natural Resources, Energy Consumption, and Population Growth on Environmental Quality: Fresh Evidence from the United States of America.” Science of the Total Environment 754: 142222. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142222.
  • Khan, I., F. Hou, H. Phong, and S. Ahtsham. 2021. “Do Natural Resources, Urbanization, and Value-Adding Manufacturing Affect Environmental Quality? Evidence from the Top Ten Manufacturing Countries.” Resources Policy 72: 102109. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102109.
  • Khan, I., F. Hou, A. Zakari, and V. Konadu. 2021. “The Dynamic Links among Energy Transitions, Energy Consumption, and Sustainable Economic Growth: A Novel Framework for IEA Countries.” Energy 222: 119935. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.119935.
  • Khan, M. K., M. I. Khan, and M. Rehan. 2020. “The Relationship between Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Pakistan.” Financial Innovation 6: 1–13. doi:10.1186/s40854-019-0162-0.
  • Le, H. P., and S.A. Sarkodie. 2020. “Dynamic Linkage between Renewable and Conventional Energy Use, Environmental Quality and Economic Growth: Evidence from Emerging Market and Developing Economies.” Energy Reports 6: 965–973. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2020.04.020.
  • Le, T., Y. Chang, and D. Park. 2016. “Trade Openness and Environmental Quality: International Evidence.” Energy Policy 92: 45–55. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.030.
  • Li, G., A. Zakari, V. Tawiah. 2020. “Does Environmental Diplomacy Reduce CO2 Emissions? A Panel Group Means Analysis.” Science of the Total Environment 722: 137790. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137790.
  • Liang, L.,. Z. Wang, and J. Li. 2019. “The Effect of Urbanization on Environmental Pollution in Rapidly Developing Urban Agglomerations.” Journal of Cleaner Production 237: 117649. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117649.
  • Liu, Z. 2005. “Reading Behavior in the Digital Environment: Changes in Reading Behavior over the Past Ten Years.” Journal of Documentation 61 (6): 700–712. doi:10.1108/00220410510632040.
  • Ma, M., and X. V. Benjamin. 2020. “The Nexus between Renewable Energy, Economic Growth, Trade, Urbanisation and Environmental Quality: A Comparative Study for Australia and Canada.” Renewable Energy 155: 617–627. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.135.
  • Martínez-Zarzoso, I., and A. Maruotti. 2011. “The Impact of Urbanization on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Developing Countries.” Ecological Economics 70 (7): 1344–1353. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.02.009.
  • Mol, A. P. J., and G. Spaargaren. 2000. “Ecological Modernisation Theory in Debate: A Review.” Environmental Politics 9 (1): 17–49. doi:10.1080/09644010008414511.
  • Muhammad, S., X. Long, M. Salman, and L. Dauda. 2020. “Effect of Urbanization and International Trade on CO2 Emissions across 65 Belt and Road Initiative Countries.” Energy 196: 117102. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.117102.
  • Munir, Q., H. H. Lean, and R. Smyth. 2020. “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the ASEAN-5 Countries: A Cross-Sectional Dependence Approach.” Energy Economics 85: 104571. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104571.
  • Nasreen, S., M. Ben, Mbarek and M. Atiq-Ur-Rehman. 2020. “Long-Run Causal Relationship Between Economic Growth, Transport Energy Consumption and Environmental Quality in Asian Countries: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel Methods.” Energy 192: 116628. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.116628.
  • Nathanie, S., O. Nwodo, A. Adediran, G. Sharma, M. Shah, and N. Adeleye. 2019. “Ecological Footprint, Urbanization, and Energy Consumption in South Africa: Including the Excluded.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26: 27168–27179.
  • Nathaniel, S., and S. K. R. Abdul. 2020. “The Nexus between Urbanization, Renewable Energy, Trade, and Ecological Footprint in ASEAN Countries.” Journal of Cleaner Production 272: 122709. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122709.
  • Nathaniel, S. P. 2020. “Ecological Footprint, Energy Use, Trade, and Urbanization Linkage in Indonesia.” GeoJournal 7: 1–14. doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10175-7.
  • NEA. 2019. “China Energy Policy Newsletter.” National Energy Administration 4 June 2019, http://zfxxgk.nea.gov.cn/auto87/201906/t20190610_3673.htm.1–5.
  • NRDC. 2019. China Renewable Energy Outlook: Energy Research Institute of Academy of Macroeconomic Research/NDRC China National Renewable Energy Centre.
  • Omer, A. M. 2009. “Energy Use and Environmental Impacts: A General Review Energy Use and Environmental Impacts: A General Review.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 1 (5): 053101. doi:10.1063/1.3220701.
  • Omri, A., S. Daly, C. Rault, and A. Chaibi. 2015. “Financial Development, Environmental Quality, Trade and Economic Growth: What Causes What in MENA Countries.” Energy Economics. 48: 242–252. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2015.01.008.
  • Parikh, J. 1995. “Urbanization, Energy Use and Greenhouse Effects in Economic Development Study of Developing Countries.” Global Environmental Change 5: 87–103.
  • Park, J. Y. 1992. “Canonical Cointegrating Regressions.” Econometrica 60 (1): 119–143. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2951679. doi:10.2307/2951679.
  • Parks, R. W. 1967. “Efficient Estimation of a System of Regression Equations When Disturbances Are Both Serially and Contemporaneously Correlated.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 62 (318): 500–509. doi:10.1080/01621459.1967.10482923.
  • Pauliuk, S., and D. B. Mu. 2014. “The Role of In-Use Stocks in the Social Metabolism and in Climate Change Mitigation.” Global Environmental Change 24: 132–142. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.006.
  • Phillips, P. C. B., and B. E. Hansen. 1990. “Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I (1) Processes.” The Review of Economic Studies 57 (1): 99–125. doi:10.2307/2297545.
  • Phillips, P. C. B., and P. Perron. 1988. “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression.” Biometrika 75 (2): 335–346. doi:10.1093/biomet/75.2.335.
  • Rauf, A., J. Zhang, J. Li, and W. Amin. 2018. “Structural Changes, Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions in China: Empirical Evidence from ARDL Bound Testing Model.” Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 47: 194–206. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2018.08.010.
  • Saidi, K., and A. Omri. 2020. “Progress in Nuclear Energy Reducing CO2 Emissions in OECD Countries: Do Renewable and Nuclear Energy Matter?” Progress in Nuclear Energy 126: 103425. doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103425.
  • Saikkonen, P. 2016. “Estimation and Testing of Cointegrated Systems by an Autoregressive Approximation.” Econometric Theory 8 (1): 1–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3532143.
  • Saleem, N., S. Rahman, and Z. Jun. 2019. “The Impact of Human Capital and Biocapacity on Environment: Environmental Quality Measure through Ecological Footprint and Greenhouse Gases.” Journal of Pollution Effects and Control 7: 12. doi:10.35248/2375-4397.19.7.237.
  • Shafik, N. 1994. “Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis.” Oxford Economic Papers 46 (Supplement_1): 757–773. doi:10.1093/oep/46.Supplement_1.757.
  • Sharif, A., O. Baris-Tuzemen, G. Uzuner, I. Ozturk, and A. Sinha. 2020. “Revisiting the Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on Turkey’s Ecological Footprint: Evidence from Quantile ARDL Approach.” Sustainable Cities and Society 57: 102138. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102138.
  • Stock, J. H., and M. W. Watson. 1988. “Variable Trends in Economic Time Series.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 2: 147–174. doi:10.1257/jep.2.3.147.
  • Stock, James H., and Mark W. Watson. 1993. “A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems.” Econometrica 61 (4): 783–820. doi:10.2307/2951763.
  • Tawiah, V., A. Zakari, and I. Khan. 2021. “ The Environmental Footprint of China-Africa Engagement: An Analysis of the Effect of China–Africa Partnership on Carbon Emissions.” Science of the Total Environment 756: 143603. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143603.
  • Taylor, A. L., and M. Scott. 2008. “Unmasking the Pollution Haven Effect.” International Economic Review 49 (1): 223–254. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2354.2008.00478.x.
  • Taylor, M. S. 2007. International Trade & the Environment: Theory and Evidence. https://www.jgea.org/events/conferences/2007/documents/Taylor.pdf.
  • Taylor, P., I. Dincer, and I. Dincer. 2007. “Energy and Environmental Impacts: Present and Future Perspectives.” Energy and Environmental Impacts: Present and Future Perspectives 20 (4–5): 427–453. doi:10.1080/00908319808970070.
  • Thomakos, D. D., and T. A. Alexopoulos. 2016. “Carbon Intensity as a Proxy for Environmental Performance and the Informational Content of the EPI.” Energy Policy 94: 179–190. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.03.030.
  • Thompson, P., and L. A. Strohm. 1996. “Trade and Environmental Quality: A Review of the Evidence.” The Journal of Environment & Development 5 (4): 363–388. doi:10.1177/107049659600500401.
  • Tu, Q., R. Betz, J. Mo, Y. Fan, and Y. Liu. 2019. “Achieving Grid Parity of Wind Power in China: Present Levelized Cost of Electricity and Future Evolution.” Applied Energy 250: 1053–1064. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.039.
  • UNEP-EGR. 2019. “Emissions Gap Report 2019.”
  • UNFCCC. 2020. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs.
  • Vougas, D. V. 2007. “GLS Detrending and Unit Root Testing.” Economics Letters 97 (3): 222–229. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2007.03.016.
  • Wang, T., B. Duval, T.E. Graedel, and D.B. Mu. 2006. “Exploring the Engine of Anthropogenic Iron Cycles 2006.” Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Wang, Z., Bui, Q. Zhang, B. Le Pham. T., and H. 2020. “Biomass Energy Production and Its Impacts on the Ecological Footprint: An Investigation of the G7 countries.” Science of the Total Environment 743: 140741. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140741.
  • Wood, R., and E.G. Hertwich. 2017. “Environmental Impacts of Capital.” Journal of Industrial Ecol 0: 1–13. doi:10.1111/jiec.12532.
  • Worldwatch Institute. 2007. State of the World 2007: Our Urban Future. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute.
  • Xu, C., M. Han, T. A. M. Dossou, and F. V. Bekun. 2021. “Trade Openness, FDI, and Income Inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” African Development Review 33: 193–203. doi:10.1111/1467-8268.12511.
  • Yahaya, I., and, S. J. Adamu. 2016. “Statistical Study of Rainfall Pattern in Gombe Metropolis, and its Implication on the Attainment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 6 (6): 730–739. http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0616.php?rp=P545545
  • Zafar, M. W., Q. Qin, M. Nasir, S. Anees, and H. Zaidi. 2020. “Foreign Direct Investment and Education as Determinants of Environmental Quality: The Importance of Post Paris Agreement (COP21)).” Journal of Environmental Management 270: 110827. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110827.
  • Zafar, M. W., S. A. H. Zaidi, N. R. Khan, F. M. Mirza, F. Hou, and S. A. A. Kirmani. 2019. “The Impact of Natural Resources, Human Capital, and Foreign Direct Investment on the Ecological Footprint: The Case of the United States.” Resources Policy 63: 101428. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101428.
  • Zivot, Eric, and Donald W. K. Andrews. 1992. “Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 10 (3): 251–270. doi:10.1080/07350015.1992.10509904.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.