Three Faces of Constituency Campaigns in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems. Parties and Candidates in Germany, 2005–13

References

• Balmas, Meital, Gideon Rahat, Tamir Sheafer, and Shaul R. Shenhav. 2014. “Two Routes to Personalized Politics: Centralized and Decentralized Personalization.” Party Politics 20 (1): 37–51. doi: 10.1177/1354068811436037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler, Shaun, David M. Farrell, and Richard S. Katz. 1999. “Party Cohesion, Party Discipline, and Parliaments.” In Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government, edited by Bowler Shaun, David M. Farrell, and Richard S. Katz, 283–478. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brox, Brian J., and Daron R. Shaw. 2006. “Political Parties, American Campaigns, and Effects on Outcome.” In Handbook of Party Politics, edited by Richard S. Katz, and William Crotty, 146–159. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bukow, Sebastian. 2013. Die professionalisierte Mitgliederpartei. Politische Parteien zwischen institutionellen Erwartungen und organisationaler Wirklichkeit. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
   Google Scholar
• Bukow, Sebastian. 2015. “Das innerparteiliche Kampagnenmanagement im Bundestagswahlkampf 2013: Angebotsbasierte Steuerung als Antwort auf die parteiliche Stratarchie.” In Die Bundestagswahl 2013. Analysen der Wahl-, Parteien-, Kommunikations- und Regierungsforschung, edited by Korte Karl-Rudolf, 243–267. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
   Google Scholar
• Carty, R. Kenneth. 2004. “Parties as Franchise Systems: The Stratarchical Organizational Imperative.” Party Politics 10 (1): 5–24. doi: 10.1177/1354068804039118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carty, R. Kenneth, D. Munroe Eagles, and Anthony Sayers. 2003. “Candidates and Local Campaigns: Are there Just Four Canadian Types?” Party Politics 9 (5): 619–636. doi: 10.1177/13540688030095006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Winter, Lieven, and Pierre Baudewyns. 2015. “Candidate Centred Campaigning in a Party Centred Context: The Case of Belgium.” Electoral Studies 39: 295–305. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2014.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denver, David, Gordon Hands, Justin Fisher, and Iain MacAllister. 2003. “Constituency Campaigning in Britain 1992–2001. Centralization and Modernization.” Party Politics 9 (5): 541–559. doi: 10.1177/13540688030095002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschouwer, Kris. 2006. “Political Parties as Multi-Level Organizations.” In Handbook of Political Parties, edited by Richard S. Katz, and Crotty William, 291–300. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Detterbeck, Klaus. 2012. Multi-level Party Politics in Western Europe. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Fabre, Elodie. 2011. “Measuring party organization: The vertical dimension of the multi-level organization of state-wide parties in Spain and the UK.” Party Politics 17 (3): 343–363. doi: 10.1177/1354068810376183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell, David M., and Paul Webb. 2000. “Political Parties as Campaign Organizations.” In Parties Without Partisans. Political Change in Advanced Industrial Industries, edited by Russell J. Dalton, and Martin P. Wattenberg, 102–128. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giebler, Heiko, and Andreas M. Wüst. 2011. “Campaigning on an upper level? Individual campaigning in the 2009 European Parliament elections in its determinants.” Electoral Studies 30 (1): 53–66. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2010.09.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höhne, Benjamin. 2013. Rekrutierung von Abgeordneten des Europäischen Parlaments. Organisation, Akteure und Entscheidungen in Parteien. 1 ed. Opladen: Budrich.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsen, Rune, and Eli Skogerbø. 2015. “Candidate campaigning in parliamentary systems: Individualized vs. localized campaigning.” Party Politics 21 (3): 428–439. doi: 10.1177/1354068813487103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karvonen, Lauri. 2010. The Personalization of Politics. A Study of Parliamentary Democracies. Colchester: ECPR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, Markus. 2006. “Partizipation in politischen Parteien. Eine empirische Analyse des Mobilisierungspotenzials politischer Parteien sowie der Struktur innerparteilicher Partizipation in Deutschland.” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 47 (1): 35–61. doi: 10.1007/s11615-006-0003-4
   Google Scholar
• Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2012. “Personalization of national election campaigns.” Party Politics 18 (6): 825–844. doi:10.1177/1354068810389643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manow, Philip. 2013. “Mixed Rules, Different Roles? An Analysis of the Typical Pathways into the Bundestag and of MP’s Parliamentary Behaviour.” The Journal of Legislative Studies 19 (3): 287–308. doi: 10.1080/13572334.2013.786962
   Google Scholar
• Nestler, Christian. 2014. “Einzelbewerber bei den Bundestagswahlen von 1949 bis 2013: zahlreich, aber chancenlos.” Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 45 (4): 796–811. doi: 10.5771/0340-1758-2014-4-796
   Google Scholar
• Niedermayer, Oskar. 2000. “Modernisierung von Wahlkämpfen als Funktionsentleerung der Parteibasis.” In Demokratie und Partizipation. Festschrift für Max Kaase, edited by Niedermayer Oskar, and Westle Bettina, 192–210. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa. 1997. “Introduction: The Rise of Post-Modern Political Communications?” In Politics and the Press. The News Media and Their Influences, edited by Norris Pippa, 1–17. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa. 2000. A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pappi, Franz U., and Thomas Bräuninger. 2014. “Direktkandidaten und die Wahlerfolge ihrer Partei im deutschen Zweistimmensystem. Das Beispiel der Bundestagswahl 2013 in Stuttgart.” Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 45 (4): 775–795. doi: 10.5771/0340-1758-2014-4-775
   Google Scholar
• Pattie, Charles, and Ron Johnston. 2009. “Still Talking, But Is Anyone Listening? The Changing Face of Constituency Campaigning in Britain, 1997–2005.” Party Politics 15 (4): 411–434. doi: 10.1177/1354068809334562
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plasser, Fritz, and Gunda Plasser. 2002. Global Political Campaigning. A Worldwide Analysis of Campaign Professionals and Their Practices. 1 ed. Westport: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Poguntke, Thomas. 1993. Alternative Politics. The German Green Party. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rattinger, Hans, Sigrid Roßteutscher, Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck, Bernhard Weßels, Thomas Gschwend, Hermann Schmitt, Andreas M. Wüst, Heiko Giebler, and Meike Vollmar. 2012. Kandidatenstudie, Befragung und Strukturdaten (GLES 2009) Version 2.0 ZA5318/ZA5319. Köln: GESIS Datenarchiv.
   Google Scholar
• Rattinger, Hans, Sigrid Roßteutscher, Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck, Bernhard Weßels, Christof Wolf, Aiko Wagner, and Heiko Giebler. 2014. Kandidatenstudie 2013, Befragung, Wahlergebnisse und Strukturdaten (GLES) Version 3.0 ZA5716. Köln: GESIS Datenarchiv.
   Google Scholar
• Schoen, Harald. 2014. “Wahlkampfforschung.” In Handbuch Wahlforschung, edited by Jürgen W. Falter and Schoen Harald, 661–728. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
   Google Scholar
• Seemann, Wenke, and Sebastian Bukow. 2010. “Große Koalitionen in Deutschland.” In Die Große Koalition. Regierung-Politik-Parteien 2005–2009, edited by Bukow Sebastian, and Seemann Wenke, 9–40. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Sieberer, Ulrich. 2006. “Party Unity in Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Analysis.” The Journal of Legislative Studies 12 (2): 150–178. doi:10.1080/13572330600739413.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Jennifer K. 2009. “Campaigning and the Catch-All Party: The Process of Party Transformation in Britain.” Party Politics 15 (5): 555–572. doi: 10.1177/1354068809336396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strøm, Kaare. 1990. “A Behavioral Theory of Competitive Political Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 34 (2): 565–598. doi: 10.2307/2111461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenscher, Jens. 2011. “Defizitär – und trotzdem professionell? Die Parteienkampagnen im Vergleich.” In Superwahljahr 2009. Vergleichende Analysen aus Anlass der Wahlen zum Deutschen Bundestag und zum Europäischen Parlament, edited by Tenscher Jens, 65–95. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Tenscher, Jens, Juri Mykkanen, and Tom Moring. 2012. “Modes of Professional Campaigning: A Four-Country Comparison in the European Parliamentary Elections, 2009.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 17 (2): 145–168. doi: 10.1177/1940161211433839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorlakson, Lori. 2009. “Patterns of Party Integration, Influence and Autonomy in Seven Federations.” Party Politics 15 (2): 157–177. doi: 10.1177/1354068808099979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorlakson, Lori. 2013. “Measuring Vertical Integration in Parties with Multi-Level Systems Data.” Party Politics 19 (5): 713–734. doi: 10.1177/1354068811411024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Biezen, Ingrid, Peter Mair, and Thomas Poguntke. 2012. “Going, Going, … Gone? The Decline of Party Membership in Contemporary Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 51: 24–56. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01995.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteley, Paul, and Patrick Seyd. 2003. “Party Election Campaigning in Britain. The Labour Party.” Party Politics 9 (5): 637–652. doi: 10.1177/13540688030095007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesendahl, Elmar. 2006. Mitgliederparteien am Ende? Eine Kritik der Niedergangsdiskussion. 1 ed. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Wüst, Andreas M., Hermann Schmitt, Thomas Gschwend, and Thomas Zittel. 2006. “Candidates in the 2005 Bundestag Election: Mode of Candidacy, Campaigning and Issues.” German Politics 15 (4): 420–438. doi: 10.1080/09644000601062576
   Google Scholar
• Zittel, Thomas. 2015. “Constituency Candidates in Comparative Perspective – How Personalized are Constituency Campaigns, Why, and Does It Matter?” Electoral Studies 39: 286–294. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2014.04.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zittel, Thomas, and Thomas Gschwend. 2007. “Individualisierte Wahlkämpfe im Wahlkreis. Eine Analyse am Beispiel des Bundestagswahlkampfes von 2005.” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 48 (2): 293–321. doi: 10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z
   Google Scholar
• Zittel, Thomas, and Thomas Gschwend. 2008. “Individualised Constituency Campaigns in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Candidates in the 2005 German Elections.” West European Politics 31 (5): 978–1003. doi: 10.1080/01402380802234656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar