The Greatest of the Small? The Netherlands, the New Hanseatic League and the Frugal Four

References

• Amaro, Silvia. 2018. “Meet the ‘Hanseatic League’ — The Group of European Countries Frustrating France.” CNBC, November 28. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/28/meet-the-hanseatic-league–the-eu-countries-frustrating-france.html.
   Google Scholar
• Brunsden, Jim, and Michael Acton. 2017. “The Hanseatic League 2.0.” Financial Times, November 7.
   Google Scholar
• Brunsden, J., and M. Khan. 2018. “Hawkish European Capitals Lobby to Beef Up Eurozone Bailout Fund.” Financial Times, November 2, 11–12.
   Google Scholar
• Bundesregierung. 2018. “Meseberg Declaration.” Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung, 19 June (Pressemitteilung: 214; Ausgabejahr: 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Cats, R. 2018. “Nederland smeedt Europese alliantie ter promotie van begrotingsdiscipline in Brussel.” Het Financiële Dagblad, 14–15.
   Google Scholar
• Cats, R. 2019. “Obligatiehouders eerst laten bloeden bij hoge staatsschuld.” Het Financiële Dagblad, November 2, 2–3.
   Google Scholar
• Charlemagne. 2018. “How the Dutch Will Take Britain's Place in Europe” The Economist, March 31. Print Edition Europe.
   Google Scholar
• “Confidence in the Future. 2017–2021 Coalition Agreement”. 2017. October 10, AVT17/AZ124020.
   Google Scholar
• de Boer, M. 2018. “Zonder nieuwe bondgenoten zal Nederland het niet redden.” Trouw, September 7, 1–6. https://www.trouw.nl/democratie/zonder-nieuwe-bondgenoten-zal-nederland-het-niet-redden~ab7dab60e/.
   Google Scholar
• De Grauwe, Paul. 2013. “Design Failures in the Eurozone: Can They be Fixed?” LSE ‘Europe in Question’ Discussion Paper Series, February, LEQS Paper No 57/2013.
   Google Scholar
• De Grauwe, Paul, and Marc-Alexandre Senegas. 2004. “Asymmetries in Monetary Policy Transmission: Some Implications for EMU and its Enlargement.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 42 (4): 757–773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutch Government. 2018. “Minister Hoekstra smeedt alliantie van acht EU-landen voor een sterker economisch Europa.” March 6.
   Google Scholar
• Engineer, M. H., P. Schure, and M. Gillis. 2013. “A Positive Analysis of Deposit Insurance Provision: Regulatory Competition among European Union Countries.” Journal of Financial Stability 9 (4): 530–544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2017. “Reflection Paper on the Deepening of the Economic and Monetary Union.” May 31. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/reflection-paper-emu_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Council. 2020. “European Council Conclusions, 17-21 July 2020.” https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/07/21/european-council-conclusions-17-21-july-2020/.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, Sam, Mehreen Khan, and Jim Brunsden. 2020. “EU Leaders Strike Deal on €750bn Recovery Fund After Marathon Summit.” July 21. https://www.ft.com/stream/4a13fff6-647e-4220-b56d-3346dd36d859.
   Google Scholar
• Giugliano, F. 2018. “Italy Gets a Warning From the 14th Century.” Accessed March 11, 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-11-06/italy-gets-a-warning-from-the-14th-century.
   Google Scholar
• Gocaj, Ledina, and Sophie Meunier. 2013. “Time Will Tell: The EFSF, the ESM and the Euro Crisis.” Journal of European Integration 35 (3): 239–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub, Jonathan. 1999. “In the Shadow of the Vote? Decision Making in the European Community.” International Organization 53 (4): 733–764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of the Federal Republic of Germany. 2020. “A French-German Initiative for the European Recovery from the Coronavirus Crisis.” 173/20, May 18.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Netherlands. 2018b. “Shared Views of the Finance Ministers from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, and the Netherlands about Capital Markets Union.” July 18. https://www.eerstekamer.nl/overig/20180723/gemeenschappelijk_paper/document3/f=/vkqbc2nx17t3_opgemaakt.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Netherlands. 2020. “Non-Paper EU Support for Efficient and Sustainable COVID-19 Recovery.” https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/publicaties/2020/05/26/non-paper-eu-support-for-efficient-and-sustainable-covid-19-recovery.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Netherlands (Rijksoverheid). 2018a. “Europa waarin zij gezamenlijk pleiten voor een sterker economisch Europa.” March 6. https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2018/03/06/minister-hoekstra-smeedt-alliantie-van-acht-eu-landen-voor-een-sterker-economisch-europa.
   Google Scholar
• Government Offices of Sweden. 2018a. “Finance ministers from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Sweden Underline Their Shared Views and Values in the Discussion on the Architecture of the EMU.” March 6. https://www.government.se/statements/2018/03/finance-ministers-from-denmark-estonia-finland-ireland-latvia-lithuania-the-netherlands-and-sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Government Offices of Sweden. 2018b. “Shared Views of the Finance Ministers from the Czech Republic, Netherlands, Sweden and Slovakia on the ESM Reform.” November 5. https://www.government.se/statements/2018/11/shared-views-of-the-finance-ministers-from-the-czech-republic-denmark-estonia-finland-ireland-latvia-lithuania-the-netherlands-sweden-and-slovakia-on-the-esm-reform/.
   Google Scholar
• Hodson, D. 2016. “Eurozone Governance: From the Greek Drama of 2015 to the Five Presidents’ Report.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 54 (S1): 150–166.
   Google Scholar
• Hodson, D. 2017. “Eurozone Governance in 2016: The Italian Banking Crisis, Fiscal Flexibility and Brexit (Plus Plus Plus).” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 55 (S1): 118–132.
   Google Scholar
• Howarth, D., and L. Quaglia. 2016. The Political Economy of European Banking Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Erik. 2008. Economic Adjustment and Political Transformation in Small States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Erik. 2013. “Getting to Greece. Uncertainty, Misfortune, and the Origins of Political Disorder.” European Political Science 12 (3): 294–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joosten, C. 2018. “Verduvelde Nederlanders; Europese Unie Goed teken dat de Franse minister van Financiën Bruno Le Maire boos werd op minister Wopke Hoekstra.” Elsevier Weekblad, November 28, 3–4.
   Google Scholar
• Juncker, Jean-Claude. 2015. “Completing Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union.” (With Donald Tusk, Jeroen Dijsselbloem, Mario Draghi, and Martin Schultz). European Commission, June 22.
   Google Scholar
• Katzenstein, Peter. 1985. Small States in World Markets. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keating, M., and H. Baldersheim, eds. 2015. Small States in the Modern World: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Keohane, R. O. 1969. “Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics.” International Organization 23 (2): 291–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. 2018a. “Dutch Premier Prepares to Become EU’s Leading Voice on Free Trade.” Financial Times, March 26.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. 2018b. “Dutch Leader Ready to be EU Champion on Free Trade.” Financial Times, July 18, 11–12.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. 2018c. “EU’s New Hanseatic League Picks Its Next Battle.” Financial Times, July 19.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. 2018d. “France Warns Hanseatic Alliance Risks Weakening Europe.” Financial Times, November 23, 2–3.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. 2018e. “New “Hanseatic” States Stick Together in EU Big League.” Financial Times, November 27.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. 2020. “‘Frugal Four’ Chief Mark Rutte Leads Opposition to EU Recovery Plan.” Financial Times, June 18.
   Google Scholar
• Korteweg, Rem. 2018. “Why a New Hanseatic League Will Not be Enough.” Clingendael Spectator. Magazine for International Relations. Accessed March 11, 2019. https://spectator.clingendael.org/en/publication/why-new-hanseatic-league-will-not-be-enough#.
   Google Scholar
• Kurz, Sebastian. 2020. “The “Frugal Four” Advocate a Responsible EU Budget.” Financial Times, February 16.
   Google Scholar
• Kuusik, P., and R. Kristi. 2018. “The Nordic-Baltic Region in the EU 27 Time for New Strategic Cooperation.” December.
   Google Scholar
• Le Monde. 2018. “En Europe, la très discrète influence de la nouvelle « ligue hanséatique ».” Par Cécile Ducourtieux, October 16.
   Google Scholar
• Lofven, S. 2020. “‘Frugal Four’ Warn Pandemic Spending Must be Responsible.” Financial Times, June 16.
   Google Scholar
• Maes, I., and A. Verdun. 2005. “The Role of Medium-Sized Countries in the Creation of EMU: The Cases of Belgium and the Netherlands.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 43 (2): 327–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattelaer, A. 2018. “Welke rol voor de Benelux post-Brexit?” Clingendael Spectator 72 (3): 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Middelaar, L. Van, and M. Sie Dhian Ho. 2018. “Take a Different Look at the Neighbours. Four Tips for a New Europe Policy.” Clingendael Alert, September, 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Paterson, W. E. 2011. “The Reluctant Hegemon? Germany Moves Centre Stage in the European Union.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 49 (S1): 57–75.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, Colm. 2020. “Frugal Four Holds Firm as EU Negotiations Enter Fourth Day.” Foreign Policy, July 20. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/20/eu-economic-negotiations-enter-overtime.
   Google Scholar
• Reiermann, C., and P. Müller. 2018. “Eurozone Reform Falls Victim to New Hanseatic League.” Der Spiegel, December. http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/eurozone-reform-falls-victim-to-new-hanseatic-league-a-1242986.html.
   Google Scholar
• Sadeh, T., E. Rubinson, and Y. Raskin. 2021. “Do Euro Area Institutions Bbenefit the Small Member States?” Journal of European Integration. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.1956916.
   Google Scholar
• Schild, Joachim. 2019. “The Myth of German Hegemony in the Euro Area Revisited.” West European Politics 43 (5): 1072–1094. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1625013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schild, Joachim. 2020. “EMU’s Asymmetries and Asymmetries in German and French Influence on EMU Governance Reforms.” Journal of European Integration 42 (3): 449–464. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1730351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeller, M. G. 2017. “Providing Political Leadership? Three Case Studies on Germany's Ambiguous Role in the Eurozone Crisis.” Journal of European Public Policy 24 (1): 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeller, Magnus G. 2020. “Preventing the Eurozone Budget: Issue Replacement and Small State Influence in EMU.” Journal of European Public Policy. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1795226.
   Google Scholar
• Schoeller, Magnus, G., and Falkner Gerda. 2021. “Acting in the Shadow of German Hegemony? The Role of Smaller States in the Economic and Monetary Union (Introduction to the Special Issues).” German Politics. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2021.2005028.
   Google Scholar
• Schout, A. 2018. “‘Nederland coalitie-land’ is onvoldoende.” Clingendael Spectator 72 (3): 1–5. https://spectator.clingendael.org/pub/2018/3/nederland-coalitie-land/.
   Google Scholar
• Sie Dhian Ho, M. 2018. “Coalitievorming na de Brexit - Alliantievorming voor een Europese Unie die Moderniseert en Beschermt.” The Hague. https://aiv-advies.nl/9rq/publicaties/adviezen/coalitievorming-na-de-brexit-allianties-voor-een-europese-unie-die-moderniseert-en-beschermt#advice-summary.
   Google Scholar
• The Economist. 2018. “How the Dutch Will Take Britain’s Place in Europe.” The Economist. Accessed March 31. https://www.economist.com/europe/2018/03/31/how-the-dutch-will-take-britains-place-in-europe.
   Google Scholar
• Tokarski, P., and S. Funk. 2019. “Non-Euro Countries in the EU after Brexit: Between Fear of Losing of Political Influence and Euro Accession (SWP Comments No. 3/2019).” Berlin. doi:https://doi.org/10.18449/2019C03.
   Google Scholar
• Van Rompuy, H. 2012. “Towards a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union.” (In close cooperation with José Manuel Barroso, Jean-Claude Juncker, and Mario Draghi). European Council.
   Google Scholar
• Verdun, Amy. 1996. “An “Asymmetrical” Economic and Monetary Union in the EU: Perceptions of Monetary Authorities and Social Partners.” Journal of European Integration 20 (1): 59–81.
   Google Scholar
• Verdun, Amy. 2000. European Responses to Globalization and Financial Market Integration. Perceptions of Economic and Monetary Union in Britain, France and Germany. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Verdun, Amy. 2013. “Small States and the Global Economic Crisis: An Assessment.” European Political Science 12 (1): 276–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2012.34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilpišauskas, Ramūnas. 2021. “The Baltic States in the Economic and Monetary Union: Standing in the Shadow of Germany or Helping to Counterbalance the ‘South’?” German Politics. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2021.2002848.
   Google Scholar
• Vollaard, Hans, Jan van der Harst, and Gerrit Voerman, eds. 2015. Van aanvallen! Naar verdedigen? De Opstelling van Nederland ten aanzien van Europese integratie. Amsterdam: Boom.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, Helen. 2005. “Power and Influence: Assessing Member States’ Roles in EU Governance and Negotiation.” In Member States and the European Union, edited by S. Bulmer, and C. Lequesne, 25–44. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar