Back-pedaling or continuing quietly? Assessing the impact of ICLEI membership termination on cities’ sustainability actions

References

• Bae, J. and Feiock, R.C., 2013. Forms of government and climate change policies in US cities. Urban Studies, 50 (4), 776–788. doi:10.1177/0042098012450481
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardach, E., 1976. Policy termination as a political process. Policy Sciences, 7 (2), 123–131. doi:10.1007/BF00143910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J.M. and Portney, K.E., 2016. The tea party vs. agenda 21: local groups and sustainability policies in US cities. Environmental Politics, 26 (1), 1–20. doi:10.1080/09644016.2016.1219026
   Google Scholar
• Bertrand, M., Duflo, E., and Mullainathan, S., 2004. How much should we trust differences-in-differences estimates? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119 (1), 249–275. doi:10.1162/003355304772839588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, S., Teske, P., and Mintrom, M., 1997. Terminating the oldest living regulator: the death of the Interstate Commerce Commission. International Journal of Public Administration, 20 (12), 2067–2096. doi:10.1080/01900699708525287
   Google Scholar
• Betsill, M.M. and Bulkeley, H., 2004. Transnational networks and global environmental governance: the cities for climate protection program. International Studies Quarterly, 48 (2), 471–493. doi:10.1111/isqu.2004.48.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betsill, M.M. and Bulkeley, H., 2007. Looking back and thinking ahead: a decade of cities and climate change research. Local Environment, 12 (5), 447–456. doi:10.1080/13549830701659683
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, G.D. and De Leon, P., 1983. The foundations of policy analysis. Ridgewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brody, S.D., et al., 2008. A spatial analysis of local climate change policy in the United States: risk, stress, and opportunity. Landscape and Urban Planning, 87 (1), 33–41. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulkeley, H. and Betsill, M.M., 2003. Cities and climate change: urban sustainability and global environmental governance. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bulkeley, H. and Betsill, M.M., 2013. Revisiting the urban politics of climate change. Environmental Politics, 22 (1), 136–154. doi:10.1080/09644016.2013.755797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card, D. and Krueger, A.B., 1994. Minimum wages and employment: a case study of the fast-food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The American Economic Review, 84 (4), 772–793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coglianese, C. and Nash, J., 2014. Performance track’s postmortem: lessons from the rise and fall of EPA’s ‘Flagship’ voluntary program. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 38 (1), 1–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley, D.M., Sharp, E.B., and Bae, J., 2013. Understanding city engagement in community-focused sustainability initiatives. Cityscape, 15 (1), 143–161.
   Google Scholar
• deLeon, P., 1978. Public policy termination: an end or beginning. Policy Analysis, 4 (3), 369–392.
   Google Scholar
• deLeon, P., 1983. Policy evaluation and program termination. Review of Policy Research, 2 (4), 631–647. doi:10.1111/ropr.1983.2.issue-4
   Google Scholar
• deLeon, P., 1997. Afterward: the once and future state of policy termination. International Journal of Public Administration, 20 (12), 2195–2212. doi:10.1080/01900699708525292
   Google Scholar
• deLeon, P. and Hernández-Quezada, J.M., 2001. The case of the national solidarity program in Mexico: a study in comparative policy termination. International Journal of Public Administration, 24 (3), 289–309. doi:10.1081/PAD-100000449
   Google Scholar
• de Vries, F.P., Nentjes, A., and Odam, N., 2012. Voluntary environmental agreements: lessons on effectiveness, efficiency and spillover potential. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 6 (2), 119–152. doi:10.1561/101.00000049
   Google Scholar
• Feiock, R.C., et al., 2014. The integrated city sustainability database. Urban Affairs Review, 50 (4), 577–589. doi:10.1177/1078087413515176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frantz, J.E., 1997. The high cost of policy termination. International Journal of Public Administration, 20 (12), 2097–2119. doi:10.1080/01900699708525288
   Google Scholar
• Geva-May, I., 2004. Riding the wave of opportunity: termination in public policy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14 (3), 309–333. doi:10.1093/jopart/muh020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graddy, E.A. and Ye., K., 2008. When do we “just say no”? Policy termination decisions in local hospital services. Policy Studies Journal, 36 (2), 219–242. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2008.00263.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood, J., 1997. The succession of policy termination. International Journal of Public Administration, 20 (12), 2121–2150. doi:10.1080/01900699708525289
   Google Scholar
• Harris, M., 2001. Policy termination: the case of term limits in Michigan. International Journal of Public Administration, 24 (3), 165–180. doi:10.1081/PAD-100000451
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, C.V., et al., 2016. Making meaningful commitments: accounting for variation in cities’ investments of staff and fiscal resources to sustainability. Urban Studies, 53 (9), 1902–1924. doi:10.1177/0042098015580898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICLEI Global, 2015. Global members [online]. ICLEI. Available from: http://www.iclei.org/iclei-members/iclei-members.html [Accessed 4 November 2015].
   Google Scholar
• ICLEI USA, 2014. Membership dues [online]. ICLEI. Available from: www.icleiusa.org/join/process-of-joining/iclei-usa-membersip-dues [Accessed 3 April 2014].
   Google Scholar
• John Birch Society, 2015. Stop agenda 21. John Birch Society. Available from: http://www.jbs.org/issues-pages/stop-agenda-21 [Accessed 3 November 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, L. and Zernike, K., 2012. Activists fight green projects, seeing U.N. plot. New York Times, 4 February, p. A1.
   Google Scholar
• Keele, L., Malhotra, N., and McCubbins, C.H., 2013. Do term limits restrain state fiscal policy? Approaches for causal inference in assessing the effects of legislative institutions. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 38 (3), 291–326. doi:10.1111/lsq.2013.38.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, A.A. and Lenox, M.J., 2000. Industry self-regulation without sanctions: the chemical industry’s responsible care program. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (4), 698–716. doi:10.2307/1556362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingdon, J., 1984. Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. Boston: Little Brown.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, R.M., 2012. An assessment of the impact that participation in local climate networks has on cities’ implementation of climate, energy, and transportation policies. Review of Policy Research, 29 (5), 585–604. doi:10.1111/ropr.2012.29.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, R.M., 2014. In: Y. Wolinsky-Nahmias, ed. Changing climate politics. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 82–108.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, R.M., Feiock, R.C., and Hawkins, C.V., 2016. The administrative organization of sustainability within local government. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 26 (1), 113–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, R.M., Yi, H. and Feiock, R.C., 2016. An exploration of program termination: the abandonment of a climate protection initiative by U.S. local governments. Policy Studies Journal, 44 (2), 176–195. doi:10.1111/psj.12117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, M., Feiock, R.C., and Jang, H., 2014. Climate protection and energy sustainability policy in California cities: what have we learned? Journal of Urban Affairs, 36 (5), 905–924. doi:10.1111/juaf.12094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamothe, S. and Lamothe, M., 2012. Exploring the determinants of service termination at the local level. APSA 2012 Annual Meeting Paper. Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Lasswell, H.D., 1948. The structure and function of communication in society. In: L. Bryson, ed. The communication of ideas. New York: Institute for Religious and Social Studies, 37–51.
   Google Scholar
• Lindseth, G., 2004. The cities for climate protection campaign (CCPC) and the framing of local climate policy. Local Environment, 9 (4), 325–336. doi:10.1080/1354983042000246252
   Google Scholar
• Lubell, M., Feiock, R., and Handy, S., 2009. City adoption of environmentally sustainable policies in California’s central valley. Journal of the American Planning Association, 75 (3), 293–308. doi:10.1080/01944360902952295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, J.V. and Wildavsky, A.B., 1978. The policy cycle. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Morgenstern, R.D. and Pizer, W.A., 2007. Reality check: the nature and performance of voluntary environmental programs in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
   Google Scholar
• Portney, K.E., 2004. Taking sustainable cities seriously. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Potoski, M. and Prakash, A., 2005. Green clubs and voluntary governance: ISO 14001 and firms’ regulatory compliance. American Journal of Political Science, 49 (2), 235–248. doi:10.1111/ajps.2005.49.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potoski, M. and Prakash, A., 2009. Voluntary programs: a club theory perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prakash, A. and Potoski, M., 2006. The voluntary environmentalists: green clubs, ISO 14001, and voluntary environmental regulations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prakash, A. and Potoski, M., 2007. Collective action through voluntary environmental programs: a club theory perspective. Policy Studies Journal, 35 (4), 773–792. doi:10.1111/psj.2007.35.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, E.B., Daley, D.M., and Lynch, M.S., 2011. Understanding local adoption and implementation of climate change mitigation policy. Urban Affairs Review, 47 (3), 433–457. doi:10.1177/1078087410392348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terman, J.A., et al., 2016. Walking in the shadow of Pressman and Wildavsky: expanding fiscal federalism and goal congruence theories to single‐shot games. Review of Policy Research, 33 (2), 124–139. doi:10.1111/ropr.12166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Heijden, J., 2012. Voluntary environmental governance arrangements. Environmental Politics, 21 (3), 486–509. doi:10.1080/09644016.2012.671576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Heijden, J., 2014. Governance for urban sustainability and resilience: responding to climate change and the relevance of the built environment. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Heijden, J., 2015. What roles are there for government in voluntary environmental programmes? Environmental Policy & Governance, 25, 303–315. doi:10.1002/eet.1678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., et al., 2012. Capacity to sustain sustainability: a study of US cities. Public Administration Review, 72 (6), 841–853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi, H., 2013. Clean energy policies and green jobs: an evaluation of green jobs in US metropolitan areas. Energy Policy, 56, 644–652. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.01.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahran, S., et al., 2008. Vulnerability and capacity: explaining local commitment to climate-change policy. Environment and Planning C, Government & Policy, 26 (3), 544–562. doi:10.1068/c2g
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar