Follow the leader? Conceptualising the relationship between leaders and followers in polycentric climate governance

References

• Bennett, C.J., 1991. Review article: what is policy convergence and what causes it? British Journal of Political Science, 21 (2), 215–233. doi:10.1017/S0007123400006116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biedenkopf, K., 2012. Emissions trading—a transatlantic journey for an idea? Berlin: Kolleg-Forschergruppe “The Transformative Power of Europe”, Working Paper No. 45.
   Google Scholar
• Biedenkopf, K. and Torney, D., 2014. Cooperation on greenhouse gas emissions trading in EU-China climate diplomacy. In: E. Reuter and J. Men, eds. China-EU: green cooperation. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 21–38.
   Google Scholar
• Biedenkopf, K., Bachus, K., and van Eynde, S., 2019. Environmental, climate and social leadership of small enterprises: Fairphone’s step-by-step approach. Environmental Politics, 28 (1).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blondel, J., 2014. What have we learned? In: R.A.W. Rhodes and P. ‘T Hart, eds. The Oxford handbook of political leadership. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 705–718.
   Google Scholar
• Carbon Disclosure Project, 2016. Out of the starting blocks: tracking progress on corporate climate action. London: Carbon Disclosure Project.
   Google Scholar
• Carmin, J. and VanDeveer, S.D., eds., 2004. EU enlargement and the environment: institutional change and environmental policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, N. and Childs, M., 2018. Friends of the earth as a policy entrepreneur: ‘the big ask’ campaign for a UK climate change act. Environmental Politics, 27 (6). doi:10.1080/09644016.2017.1368151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checkel, J.T., 2005. International institutions and socialization in Europe: introduction and framework. International Organization, 59 (4), 801–826. doi:10.1017/S0020818305050289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortell, A.P., and Davis Jr., J.W., 2000. Understanding the domestic impact of international norms: a research agenda. International Studies Review, 2 (1), 65–87. doi:10.1111/1521-9488.00184
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union, 2017. Climate finance: EU and member states’ contributions up to €20.2 billion in 2016 [online]. Available from: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/10/17/climate-finance-eu/[Accessed 9 February 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Damro, C., 2006. EU-UN environmental relations: shared competence and effective multilateralism. In K.V. Laatikainen and K.E. Smith, eds. The European Union at the United Nations: intersecting multilateralisms. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 175–192.
   Google Scholar
• Damro, C., 2012. Market power Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 19 (5), 682–699. doi:10.1080/13501763.2011.646779
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolowitz, D. and Marsh, D., 1996. Who learns what from whom: a review of the policy transfer literature. Political Studies, 44 (2), 343–357. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00334.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsch, M.J. and Flachsland, C., 2017. A polycentric approach to global climate governance. Global Environmental Politics, 17 (2), 45–64. doi:10.1162/GLEP_a_00400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont, C., Oberthür, S., and Biedenkopf, K., 2018. Climate change: adapting to evolving internal and external dynamics. In: C. Adelle, K. Biedenkopf, and D. Torney, eds. European Union external environmental policy: rules, regulation and governance beyond borders. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 105–124.
   Google Scholar
• European Council, 2007. Brussels European Council, 8-9 March 2007: presidency conclusions. Brussels: Council of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• European Council, 2014. European Council (23 and 24 October 2014)‒conclusions. Brussels: European Council.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, J. and Grubb, M., eds, 2000. Climate change and European leadership: a sustainable role for Europe? Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Jänicke, M., 2010. German climate change policy: political and economic leadership. In: R.K.W. Wurzel and J. Connelly, eds. The European Union as a leader in international climate change politics. London: Routledge, 129–146.
   Google Scholar
• Jänicke, M. and Wurzel, R., 2019. Leadership and lesson-drawing in the European Union’s multilevel climate governance system. Environmental Politics, 28 (1).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, A., et al., 2015. Emergence of polycentric climate governance and its future prospects. Nature Climate Change, 5, 977–982. doi:10.1038/nclimate2725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, C., et al., 2012. The legitimacy of leadership in international climate change negotiations. Ambio, 41, 46–55. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0240-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern, K., 2019. Cities as leaders in EU multi-level climate governance? Embedded upscaling of local experiments in Europe. Environmental Politics, 28 (1).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilian, B. and Elgström, O., 2010. Still a green leader? The European Union’s role in international climate negotiations. Cooperation and Conflict, 45 (3), 255–273. doi:10.1177/0010836710377392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liefferink, D., et al., 2018. Leaders and pioneers in polycentric climate governance. In: A. Jordan, ed. Governing climate change: polycentricity in action? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 135–151.
   Google Scholar
• Liefferink, D. and Wurzel, R.K.W., 2017. Environmental leaders and pioneers: agents of change? Journal of European Public Policy, 24 (7), 651–668. doi:10.1080/13501763.2016.1161657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenthal, A., 2014. Aviation and climate protection: EU leadership within the international civil aviation organization. Environmental Politics, 23 (6), 1064–1081. doi:10.1080/09644016.2014.913873
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March, J.G. and Olsen, J.P., 1998. The institutional dynamics of international political orders. International Organization, 52 (4), 943–969. doi:10.1162/002081898550699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J.-H., 2011. Appropriating the environment: how the European institutions received the novel idea of the environment and made it their own. Berlin: Kolleg-Forschergruppe “The Transformative Power of Europe”, Working Paper No. 31.
   Google Scholar
• Oberthür, S. and Dupont, C., 2010. The council, the European Council and international climate policy: from symbolic leadership to leadership by example. In: R.K.W. Wurzel and J. Connelly, eds. The European Union as a leader in international climate change politics. London: Routledge, 74–91.
   Google Scholar
• Oberthür, S. and Roche Kelly, C., 2008. EU leadership in international climate policy: achievements and challenges. The International Spectator, 43 (3), 35–50. doi:10.1080/03932720802280594
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E., 2010. Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 20 (4), 550–557. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E., 2012. Nested externalities and polycentric institutions: must we wait for global solutions to climate change before taking actions at other scales? Economic Theory, 49 (2), 353–369. doi:10.1007/s00199-010-0558-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, C.F., et al., 2012. Fragmented climate change leadership: making sense of the ambiguous outcome of COP-15. Environmental Politics, 21 (2), 268–286. doi:10.1080/09644016.2012.651903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, C.F. and Karlsson, C., 2017. The European Union as a global climate leader: confronting aspiration with evidence. International Environmental Agreements, 17 (4), 445–461. doi:10.1007/s10784-016-9327-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, C.F. and Karlsson, C., 2018. The UN climate change negotiations and the role of the United States: assessing American leadership from Copenhagen to Paris. Environmental Politics, 27 (3), 519–540. doi:10.1080/09644016.2018.1442388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, C.F., Karlsson, C., and Hjerpe, M., 2017. Assessing the European Union’s global climate change leadership: from Copenhagen to the Paris Agreement. Journal of European Integration, 39 (2), 239–252. doi:10.1080/07036337.2016.1275608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postnikov, E., 2018. Environmental instruments in trade agreements: pushing the limits of the dialogue approach. In: C. Adelle, K. Biedenkopf, and D. Torney, eds. European Union external environmental policy: rules, regulation and governance beyond borders. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 59–80.
   Google Scholar
• Rayner, T. and Jordan, A., 2010. The United Kingdom: a paradoxical leader? In: R.K.W. Wurzel and J. Connelly, eds. The European Union as a leader in international climate change politics. London: Routledge, 95–111.
   Google Scholar
• Rayner, T. and Jordan, A., 2013. The European Union: the polycentric climate policy leader? WIREs Climate Change, 4 (2), 75–90. doi:10.1002/wcc.205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risse-Kappen, T., 1994. Ideas do not flow freely: transnational coalitions, domestic structures, and the end of the cold war. International Organization, 48 (2), 185–214. doi:10.1017/S0020818300028162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, R., 1993. What is lesson-drawing. Journal of Public Policy, 11 (1), 3–30. doi:10.1017/S0143814X00004918
   Google Scholar
• Sabel, C.F. and Victor, D.G., 2016. Making the Paris process more effective: a new approach to policy coordination on global climate change. Muscatine, IA: The Stanley Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F. and Sedelmeier, U., 2004. Governance by conditionality: EU rule transfer to the candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 11 (4), 661–679. doi:10.1080/1350176042000248089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreurs, M.A. and Tiberghien, Y., 2007. Multi-level reinforcement: explaining European Union leadership in climate change mitigation. Global Environmental Politics, 7 (4), 19–45. doi:10.1162/glep.2007.7.4.19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skovgaard, J., 2013. The limits of entrapment: the negotiations on EU reduction targets, 2007-11. Journal of Common Market Studies, 51 (6), 1141–1157. doi:10.1111/jcms.12069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tews, K., Busch, P.-O., and Jörgens, H., 2003. The diffusion of new environmental policy instruments. European Journal of Political Research, 42 (2), 569–600. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torney, D., 2015a. Bilateral climate cooperation: the EU’s relations with China and India. Global Environmental Politics, 15 (1), 105–122. doi:10.1162/GLEP_a_00274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torney, D., 2015b. European climate leadership in question: policies toward China and India. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Torney, D., 2017. If at first you don’t succeed: the development of climate change legislation in Ireland. Irish Political Studies, 32 (2), 247–267. doi:10.1080/07907184.2017.1299134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torney, D. and Gippner, O., 2018. China: deepening cooperation on climate and environmental governance. In: C. Adelle, K. Biedenkopf, and D. Torney, eds. European Union external environmental policy: rules, regulation and governance beyond borders. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 275–296.
   Google Scholar
• Torney, D. and Cross, M.K.D., 2018. Climate and environmental diplomacy: building coalitions through persuasion. In: C. Adelle, K. Biedenkopf, and D. Torney, eds. European Union external environmental policy: rules, regulation and governance beyond borders. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 39–58.
   Google Scholar
• van Schaik, L. and Schunz, S., 2012. Explaining EU activism and impact in global climate politics: is the union a norm- or interest-driven actor? Journal of Common Market Studies, 50 (1), 169–186. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2011.02214.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, D., 1995. Trading up: consumer and environmental regulation in a global economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vogler, J., 1999. The European Union as an actor in international environmental politics. Environmental Politics, 8 (3), 24–48. doi:10.1080/09644019908414478
   Google Scholar
• Wurzel, R., Liefferink, D., and Torney, D., 2019. Pioneers, leaders and followers in multilevel and polycentric climate governance. Environmental Politics, 28 (1).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngs, R., 2001. The European Union and the promotion of democracy: Europe’s Mediterranean and Asian policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar