From symbolism to substance: what the renewal of the Danish climate change act tells us about the driving forces behind policy change

References

• 92-gruppen - Forum for Bæredygtig Udvikling, 2019. About the Danish 92 Group. Available from: https://www.92grp.dk/about-the-danish-92-group.html [Accessed 28 October 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Ackrill, R. and Kay, A., 2011. Multiple streams in EU policy-making: the case of the 2005 sugar reform. Journal of European Public Policy, 18 (1), 72–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2011.520879
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackrill, R., Kay, A., and Zahariadis, N., 2013. Ambiguity, multiple streams, and EU policy. Journal of European Public Policy, 20 (6), 871–887. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2013.781824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Änderung des Klimaschutzgesetzes, 17 June 2013. NR: GP XXIV R V 2295 AB 2313 S. 203. BR: AB 8993 S. 821. Available from: https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2013_I_94/BGBLA_2013_I_94.pdfsig [Accessed 18 April 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Averchenkova, A., et al., 2018. The role of independent bodies in climate governance: the UK’s Committee on Climate Change. Available from: http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-role-of-independent-bodies-in-climate-governance-the-UKs-Committee-on-Climate-Change_Averchenkova-et-al.pdf [Accessed 19 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, I., et al., 2021. Idealism, pragmatism, and the power of compromise in the negotiation of New Zealand’s zero carbon act. Climate Policy, 1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1868393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bemærkninger til lovforslaget, 2014. Lov om Klimarådet, klimapolitisk redegørelse og fastsættelse af nationale klimamålsætninger. Available from: https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=163875
   Google Scholar
• Brand, U. and Pawloff, A., 2014. Selectivities at work: climate concerns in the midst of corporatist interests. The Case of Austria Journal of Environmental Protection, 5, 780–795. doi:https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2014.59080
   Google Scholar
• Bundesgesetzblatt für die Republik Österreich, 25 Apr 2017. Verwaltungsreformgesetz BMLFUW. NR: GP XXV RV 1456 AB 1568 S. 171. BR: 9748 AB 9754 S. 866. Available from: Available from: https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2017_I_58/BGBLA_2017_I_58.pdfsig [Accessed 26 September 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Cairney, P. and Jones, M.D., 2016. Kingdon’s multiple streams approach: what is the empirical impact of this universal theory? Policy Studies Journal, 44 (1), 37–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, N. and Childs, M., 2018. Friends of the Earth as a policy entrepreneur: ‘The Big Ask’ campaign for a UK climate change act. Environmental Politics, 27 (6), 994–1013. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2017.1368151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, N. and Jacobs, M., 2014. Explaining radical policy change: the case of climate change and energy policy under the British Labour Government 2006–2010. Public Administration, 92 (1), 125–141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, T.D., 16 Jan 2019. Dansk klimalov nu. Available from: https://www.borgerforslag.dk/se-og-stoet-forslag/?Id=FT-02233 [Accessed 21 February 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019. 31 Oct 2019. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2019/15/enacted [Accessed 5 November 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Climate Change (Scotland) Act. 2009. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2009/12/contents
   Google Scholar
• Climate Change Act. 2008. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/contents/enacted
   Google Scholar
• The Danish Government, Oct 2011. Et Danmark, Der Står Sammen. Regeringsgrundlag Oktober 2011. Available from: http://www.stm.dk/publikationer/Et_Danmark_der_staar_sammen_11/Regeringsgrundlag_okt_2011.pdf [Accessed 11 October 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Danish Ministry of Justice, 15 May 2014. Betænkning over Forslag til lov om Klimarådet, klimapolitisk redegørelse og fastsættelse af nationale klimamålsætninger. Available from: https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/ft/201314L00852 [Accessed 11 October 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Det Økologiske Råd, 4 June 2019. Store forskelle i partiernes klimamål. Available from: https://www.ecocouncil.dk/store-forskelle-i-partiernes-klimamal [Accessed 27 June 2019].
   Google Scholar
• DR, 11 June 2019. Resultater. Available from: https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/resultater/folketingsvalg [Accessed 27 June 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Ehnert, F., 2017. Governance-Formen und die Entstehung der dänischen Energievereinbarung von 2012: „ … we are doing things the Danish way”. In: J. Rückert-John and M. Schäfer, eds. Governance für eine Gesellschaftstransformation: herausforderungen des Wandels in Richtung nachhaltige Entwicklung. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 189–208.
   Google Scholar
• Energi- Forsynings- og Klimaudvalget, 14 Mar 2019a. Borgerforslaget “Dansk klimalov nu”. Available from: https://www.ft.dk/samling/20181/beslutningsforslag/b96/bilag/1/2040250.pdf [Accessed 28 October 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Energi- Forsynings- og Klimaudvalget, 26 Mar 2019b. Sådan fastsættes CO2-budgetter i Storbritannien. Available from: https://www.ft.dk/samling/20181/beslutningsforslag/b96/bilag/1/2040251.pdf [Accessed 28 October 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Energi- Forsynings- og Klimaudvalget, 26 Mar 2019c. Sådan udpeges Klimarådet i Storbritannien. Available from: https://www.ft.dk/samling/20181/beslutningsforslag/b96/bilag/1/2040252.pdf [Accessed 28 October 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Feindt, P.H., et al., 2020. Politicization, depoliticization and policy change: a comparative theoretical perspective on agri-food policy. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folketinget, 17 Jan 2018. Bekendtgørelse om en ordning for borgerforslag med henblik på behandling iFolketinget. Available from: https://www.retsinformation.dk/pdfPrint.aspx?id=197141 [Accessed 28 October 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Folketinget, 8 Feb 2019a. 1. behandling Forslag til folketingsbeslutning om en dansk klimalov nu (borgerforslag). Available from: https://www.ft.dk/samling/20181/beslutningsforslag/B96/BEH1-65/forhandling.htm [Accessed 28 October 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Folketinget, 6 Dec 2019b. Aftale om klimalov. Available from: https://kefm.dk/media/12965/aftale-om-klimalov-af-6-december-2019.pdf [Accessed 9 December 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Fridays for Future Denmark, 2019. Homepage - climate strike photos 15. 03.2019. Available from: https://klimastrejke.org/#jp-carousel-384 [Accessed 16 October 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Government of Ireland, 2019. Climate action plan 2019 to tackle climate breakdown. Available from: https://assets.gov.ie/10206/d042e174c1654c6ca14f39242fb07d22.pdf [Accessed 14 October 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Green-Pedersen, C., 2020. Issue competition in the 2019 Danish general election. Scandinavian Political Studies, 43 (2), 90–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, J.L. and Bahn, M., 2018. Oppositionen: det ligner mest af alt en politisk fyring af Klimarådets formand Peter Birch Sørensen. Information, 28 Nov. Available from: https://www.information.dk/indland/2018/11/oppositionen-ligner-mest-politisk-fyring-klimaraadets-formand-peter-birch-soerensen [Accessed 27 June 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Herweg, N., Huß, C., and Zohlnhöfer, R., 2015. Straightening the three streams: theorising extensions of the multiple streams framework. European Journal of Political Research, 54 (3), 435–449. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst, E.Q., 2019. Nu er det officielt: Mette Frederiksen kan danne en ny regering. Altinget, 26 June. Available from: https://www.altinget.dk/artikel/nu-er-det-officielt-mette-frederiksen-kan-danne-en-ny-regering [Accessed 27 June 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Holstein, E., 2019. Ny måling: den grønne dagsorden tager en suveræn førsteplads. Altinget, 13 May. Available from: https://www.altinget.dk/artikel/ny-maaling-den-groenne-dagsorden-tager-en-suveraen-foersteplads [Accessed 27 June 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Justitsministeriet, 26 Dec 2017. Lov om etablering af en ordning for borgerforslag med henblik på behandling iFolketinget. LOV nr 1672. Available from: https://www.retsinformation.dk/pdfPrint.aspx?id=196897 [Accessed 28 October 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Kingdon, J.W., 1995. Agendas, alternatives and public policies. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Klimalov, 2014. Lov om Klimarådet, klimapolitisk redegørelse og fastsættelse af nationale klimamålsætninger. LOV nr 716 af 25/ 06/2014. Available from: https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=163875 [Accessed 18 April 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Klimarådet, 2017. Transition towards 2030. Building blocks for a low-carbon society. Main conclusions. Available from: https://www.klimaraadet.dk/sites/default/files/downloads/klimaraadet_rapport_no3_english.pdf [Accessed 18 April 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Klimarådet, Oct 2019. Rammer for dansk klimapolitik. Input til en ny dansk klimalov med globalt udsyn. Available from: https://klimaraadet.dk/da/analyser/rammer-dansk-klimapolitik [Accessed 29 October 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Kosiara-Pedersen, K. and Little, C., 2016. Environmental politics in the 2015 Danish general election. Environmental Politics, 25 (3), 558–563. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2015.1123825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzoni, I. and Benson, D., 2014. Radical institutional change in environmental governance: explaining the origins of the UK climate change act 2008 through discursive and streams perspectives. Global Environmental Change, 29 (SupplementC), 10–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.011
   Google Scholar
• Lov om klima, 2020. LOV nr 965 af 26/ 06/2020. Available from: https://retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2020/965
   Google Scholar
• Nash, S.L., 2020a. ‘Anything westminster can do we can do better’: the Scottish climate change act and placing a sub-state nation on the international stage. Environmental Politics, 1–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2020.1846957
   Google Scholar
• Nash, S.L., 2020b. Denmark’s climate change act(s). In: T.L. Muinzer, ed. National climate change acts. The emergence, form and nature of national framework climate legislation. Oxford: Hart, 111–128.
   Google Scholar
• Nash, S.L. and Steurer, R., 2019. Taking stock of climate change acts in Europe: living policy processes or symbolic gestures? Climate Policy, 19 (8), 1052–1065. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1623164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedertscheider, M., Haas, W., and Görg, C., 2018. Austrian climate policies and GHG-emissions since 1990: what is the role of climate policy integration? Environmental Science & Policy, 81, 10–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, J.S., 2019. Venstre vælter tidsplan for borgerforslag om klimalov. Information, 27 Apr. Available from: https://www.information.dk/indland/2019/04/venstre-vaelter-tidsplan-borgerforslag-klimalov [Accessed 27 June 2019].
   Google Scholar
• NOAH, 2010. How could a Danish climate law look like and what should it contain? Available from: http://klima-sos.dk/onewebmedia/draft_for_a_danish_climate_law_by_noah_friends_of_the_earth_denmark-1.pdf [Accessed 11 October 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Official Journal of the European Union, 23 Apr 2009a. Decision no 406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 23 April 2009 on the effort of member states to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the community’s greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments up to 2020. L 140/136. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009D0406&from=EN
   Google Scholar
• Official Journal of the European Union, 23 Apr 2009b. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. L 140/16. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028&from=EN
   Google Scholar
• Politiken, 19 Aug 2015. Klima- og energiminister vil sænke klimaambition. Available from: https://politiken.dk/oekonomi/2050/klima/art5592792/Klima-og-energiminister-vil-s%C3%A6nke-klimaambition [Accessed 2 May 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Schoenefeld, J., et al., 2015. The Finnish climate change act - in line with what Finland’s public wants? Available from: https://environmentaleurope.ideasoneurope.eu/2015/06/12/finnish-climate-change-act-line-finlands-public-wants/#_ftn1 [Accessed 30 April 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Socialdemokraterne, et al., 2019. Politisk forstålse mellem Socialdemokratiet, Radikale Venstre, SF og Enhedslisten: retfærdig retning for Danmark. Available from: https://politiken.dk/incoming/static/7271359-Aftale.pdf [Accessed 28 June 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Socialdemokratiet, et al., 2019. Betænkning til borgerforslag om klimalov fra S, EL, ALT, RV og SF. Available from: https://twitter.com/Jens_Joel/status/1121802443157835776 [Accessed 27 June 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Tobin, P., 2015. The unambitious climate change act: political parties and Austrian climate policy. In: Conference paper for PSA conference. Available from: https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/conference/papers/2016/Tobin_Austria%20CPA%20article_draft.pdf [Accessed 18 September 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Tobin, P., 2017. Leaders and laggards: climate policy ambition in developed states. Global Environmental Politics, 17 (4), 28–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torney, D., 2017. If at first you don’t succeed: the development of climate change legislation in Ireland. Irish Political Studies, 32 (2), 247–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2017.1299134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torney, D., 2019. Climate laws in small European states: symbolic legislation and limits of diffusion in Ireland and Finland. Environmental Politics, 28 (6), 1124–1144. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1625159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNFCCC, 12 Dec 2015. Paris Agreement. Available from: https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/paris_nov_2015/application/pdf/paris_agreement_english_.pdf [Accessed 17 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Treaty Collection, 2019. Chapter XXVII environment 7.d Paris Agreement. Available from: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en [Accessed 16 October 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Zohlnhöfer, R., Herweg, N., and Rüb, F., 2015. Theoretically refining the multiple streams framework: an introduction. European Journal of Political Research, 54 (3), 412–418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zürn, M., 2019. Politicization compared: at national, European, and global levels. Journal of European Public Policy, 26 (7), 977–995. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1619188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar