References
- Abbott, K.W., et al., 2016. Two logics of indirect governance: delegation and orchestration. British Journal of Political Science, 46 (4), 719–729. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123414000593
- Andersson, K.P. and Ostrom, E., 2008. Analyzing decentralized resource regimes from a polycentric perspective. Policy Sciences, 41 (1), 71–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-007-9055-6
- Armitage, D., 2007. Governance and the commons in a multi-level world. International Journal of the Commons, 2 (1), 7. doi:https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.28
- Armitage, D., De Loë, R., and Plummer, R., 2012. Environmental governance and its implications for conservation practice. Conservation Letters, 5 (4), 245–255. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00238.x
- Bäckstrand, K., 2006. Multi-stakeholder partnerships for sustainable development: rethinking legitimacy, accountability and effectiveness. European Environment, 16 (5), 290–306. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.425
- Bakker, V.J., et al., 2010. The changing landscape of conservation science funding in the United States. Conservation Letters, 3 (6), 435–444. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00125.x
- Barker, M., 2008. The liberal foundations of environmentalism: revisiting the Rockefeller-Ford connection. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 19 (2), 15–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10455750802091495
- Bartley, T., 2007. How foundations shape social movements: the construction of an organizational field and the rise of forest certification. Social Problems, 54 (3), 229–255. doi:https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2007.54.3.229
- Basurto, X., Virdin, J., Smith, H., and Juskus, R., 2017. Strengthening governance of small-scale fisheries: an initial assessment of the theory and practice. Oak Foundation. Available from https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/content/strengthening-governance-small-scale-fisheries-initial-assessment-theory-and-practice
- BBC. 2020. Jeff Bezos: world’s richest man pledges $10bn to fight climate change - BBC news. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51539321 (24 August 2020).
- Beadnell, B., et al., 2017. Evaluation at sunset: considerations when evaluating a program as it concludes. The Foundation Review, 9 (1), 6. doi:https://doi.org/10.9707/1944-5660.1349
- Bennett, N.J., et al., 2019. Just transformations to sustainability. Sustainability, 11 (14), 3881. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143881
- Bennett, N.J. and Satterfield, T., 2018. Environmental governance: a practical framework to guide design, evaluation, and analysis. Conservation Letters, 11, e12600. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12600
- Benney, T.M., et al, 2020. Theories and methods of agency research in earth system governance. In: M.M. Betsill, T.M. Benney, and A.K. Gerlak, eds. Agency in earth system governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 38–51.
- Berger, M.F., Caruso, V. and Peterson, E., 2019. An updated orientation to marine conservation funding flows. Marine Policy, 107, article 103497
- Bernstein, S., 2011. Legitimacy in Intergovernmental and non-state global governance. Review of International Political Economy, 18 (1), 17–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290903173087
- Bernstein, S. and Cashore, B., 2007. Can non-state global governance be legitimate? an analytical framework. Regulation & Governance, 1 (4), 347–371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2007.00021.x
- Bernstein, S. and Cashore, B., 2012. Complex global governance and domestic policies: four pathways of influence. International Affairs, 88 (3), 585–604. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01090.x
- Bernstein, S. and Hoffmann, M.J., 2018. The politics of decarbonization and the catalytic impact of subnational climate experiments. Policy Sciences, 51 (2), 189–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-018-9314-8
- Betsill, M.M., et al., 2020. Introduction: agency in earth system governance. In: M.M. Betsill, T.M. Benney, and A.K. Gerlak, eds. Agency in earth system governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3–24.
- Betsill, M.M. and Milkoreit, M., 2020. The performance of agency in earth system governance. In: M.M. Betsill, T.M. Benney, and A.K. Gerlak, eds. Agency in earth system governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 73–85.
- Betsill, M.M. and Bulkeley, H., 2004. Transnational networks and global environmental governance: the cities for climate protection program. International Studies Quarterly, 48 (2), 471–493. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00310.x
- Betsill, M.M. and Bulkeley, H., 2006. Cities and the multilevel governance of global climate change. Global Governance, 12 (2), 141–159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01202004
- Biermann, F., et al., 2009. The fragmentation of global governance architectures: a framework for analysis. Global Environmental Politics, 9 (4), 14–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2009.9.4.14
- Brulle, R.J., 2014. Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of US climate change counter-movement organizations. Climatic Change, 122 (4), 681–694. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-1018-7
- Brulle, R.J. and Jenkins, J.C., 2005. Foundations and the environmental movement: priorities, strategies, and impact. Foundations for Social Change: Critical Perspectives on Philanthropy and Popular Movements, 151–173. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.,
- Bulkeley, H., 2005. Reconfiguring environmental governance: towards a politics of scales and networks. Political Geography, 24 (8), 875–902. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2005.07.002
- Bulkeley, H., et al., 2014. Transnational climate change governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Carlisle, K. and Gruby, R.L., 2017. Polycentric systems of governance: a theoretical model for the commons. Policy Studies Journal, 47 (4), 927–952.
- CEA (California Environmental Associates), 2017. Our shared seas: a 2017 overview of ocean threats and conservation funding. The David and Lucile Packard Foundation. https://oursharedseas.com/oss_downloads/our-shared-seas-report-2017/
- CEA (California Environmental Associates). 2018. Our shared seas: funding report. Available at https://oursharedseas.com/funding/funding-report/.
- Chan, S. and Mitchell, R.B., 2020. How to evaluate agents and agency. In: M.M. Betsill, T.M. Benney, and A.K. Gerlak, eds. Agency in earth system governance. Cambrdige: Cambridge University Press, 168–180.
- ClimateWorks Foundation, 2018. 2018 annual report: ten years of action toward a prosperous tomorrow. San Francisco, CA. https://www.climateworks.org/report/2018-annual-report/.
- Daly, S., 2012. Philanthropy as an Essentially Contested Concept. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 23 (3), 535–557. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-011-9213-5
- Delfin, F.G. and Tang, S.-Y., 2006. Philanthropic strategies in place-based, collaborative land conservation: the packard foundation’s conserving California landscape initiative. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35 (3), 405–429. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006287211
- Delfin, F.G. and Tang, S.-Y., 2007. Elitism, pluralism, or resource dependency: patterns of environmental philanthropy among private foundations in California. Environment & Planning A, 39 (9), 2167–2186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/a38275
- Delfin, F.G. and Tang, S.-Y., 2008. Foundation impact on environmental nongovernmental organizations: the grantees’ perspective. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 37 (4), 603–625. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764007312667
- DiMaggio, P.J. and Powell, W.W., 1991. The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality. In: W.W. Powell and P.J. DiMaggio, eds. The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 63–82.
- Faber, D.R. and McCarthy, D., 2005. Breaking the funding barriers: philanthropic activism in support of the environmental justice movement. Foundations for social change: critical perspectives on philanthropy and popular movements. 175–210. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.,
- Fortwangler, C., 2007. Friends with money: private support for a national park in the US virgin islands. Conservation and Society, 5 (4), 504–533.
- Foundation Center and Council on Foundations, 2018. The state of global giving by U.S. Foundation 20112015. https://www.cof.org/content/state-global-giving-us-foundations-2011-2015
- Gerlak, A.K., Eimer, T.R., Brisbois, M-C., Mills-Navoa, M., Schmitz, L., Luiers, J., Abernethy, P., 2020. Power(ful) and power(less): A review of power in the ESG–Agency scholarship. In M.M. Betsill, T.M. Benney and A.K. Gerlak, eds. Agency in Earth System Governance, 65–72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gienapp, A., et al., 2017. The legacy of a philanthropic exit: lessons from the evaluation of the Hewlett foundation’s nuclear security initiative. The Foundation Review, 9 (1), 4. doi:https://doi.org/10.9707/1944-5660.1347
- Giridharadas, A. 2018. Opinion | beware rich people who say they want to change the world. The New York Times. 24 August.
- Goss, K.A., 2016. Policy plutocrats: how America’s wealthy seek to influence governance. PS, Political Science & Politics, 49 (3), 442–448.
- Gruby, R.L., et al., 2017. Conceptualizing social outcomes of large marine protected areas. Coastal Management, 45 (6), 416–435. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2017.1373449
- Gruby, R.L., 2017. Macropolitics of Micronesia: toward a critical theory of regional environmental governance. Global Environmental Politics, 17 (4), 9–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00426
- Gruby, R.L., et al., 2021. Opening the black box of conservation philanthropy: a co-produced research agenda on private foundations in marine conservation. Marine Policy, 132, article 104645.
- Gruby, R.L. and Basurto, X., 2014. Multi-level governance for large marine commons: politics and polycentricity in palau’s protected area network. Environmental Science and Policy, 36, 48–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.08.001
- Gupta, A., 2010. Transparency in global environmental governance: a coming of age? Global Environmental Politics, 10 (3), 1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_e_00011
- Heydemann, S. and Toepler, S., 2006. Foundations and the challenge of legitimacy in comparative perspective. The Legitimacy of Philanthropic Foundations: United States and European Perspectives, 3–26. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Holmes, G., 2012. Biodiversity for billionaires: capitalism, conservation and the role of philanthropy in saving/selling nature. Development and Change, 43 (1), 185–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01749.x
- Jenkins, J.C., et al., 2017. Foundation funding of the environmental movement. American Behavioral Scientist, 61 (13), 1640–1657. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217744839
- Jones, C., 2012. Ecophilanthropy, neoliberal conservation, and the transformation of Chilean patagonia’s chacabuco valley. Oceania, 82 (3), 250–263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.2012.tb00132.x
- Jung, T. and Harrow, J., 2015. New development: philanthropy in networked governance—treading with care. Public Money & Management, 35 (1), 47–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2015.986880
- Jung, T., Harrow, J., and Leat, D., 2018. Mapping philanthropic foundations’ characteristics: towards an international integrative framework of foundation types. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47 (5), 893–917.
- Kibbe, B., 2017. Breaking up is hard to do. The Foundation Review, 9 (1), 7. doi:https://doi.org/10.9707/1944-5660.1350
- Kolbert, E. 2018. Gospels of giving for the new gilded age. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/08/27/gospels-of-giving-for-the-new-gilded-age.
- Kramarz, T. and Park, S., 2017. Introduction: the politics of environmental accountability. Review of Policy Research, 34 (1), 4–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12223
- LaMarche, G., 2020. Big Philanthropy Faces a Reckoning, Too. The Nation, 30 April. Available from https:http://www.thenation.com/article/politics/philanthropy-politics-billionaires/
- Larson, E.R., et al., 2016. Constraints of philanthropy on determining the distribution of biodiversity conservation funding. Conservation Biology, 30 (1), 206–215. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12608
- Leat, D., 2006. Grantmaking foundations and performance measurement: playing pool? Public Policy and Administration, 21 (3), 25–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/095207670602100303
- Lebel, L., Salamanca, A., and Kallayanamitra, C., 2017. The governance of adaptation financing: pursuing legitimacy at multiple levels. International Journal of Global Warming, 11 (2), 226–245. doi:https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2017.082181
- Lemos, M.C. and Agrawal, A., 2006. Environmental governance. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 31 (1), 297–325. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.31.042605.135621
- Lockwood, M., et al., 2010. Governance principles for natural resource management. Society & Natural Resources, 23 (10), 986–1001. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802178214
- Mallin, M.F., et al., 2019. In oceans we trust: conservation, philanthropy, and the political economy of the phoenix islands protected area. Marine Policy, 107, 103421. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.01.010
- Mason, M., 2008. Transparency for whom? information disclosure and power in global environmental governance. Global Environmental Politics, 8 (2), 8–13.
- Minhaj, H. 2019. Why billionaires won’t save Us | patriot ACT with Hasan Minhaj | Netflix - YOUTUBE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mS9CFBlLOcg (24 August 2020).
- Morena, E., 2016. The price of climate action: philanthropic foundations in the international climate debate the price of climate action: philanthropic foundations in the international climate debate. London: Palgrave. .
- Morena, E., 2020. The climate brokers: philanthropy and the shaping of a ‘US-compatible’ international climate regime. International Politics, 0123456789. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-020-00249-1
- Mulgan, G., et al., 2007. Social innovation: what it is, why it matters and how it can be accelerated. Oxford Said Business School. London: Oxford Said Business School.
- Nasiritousi, N., Hjerpe, M., and Linnér, B.O., 2016. The roles of non-state actors in climate change governance: understanding agency through governance profiles. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 16 (1), 109–126. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-014-9243-8
- Newell, P., Pattberg, P., and Schroeder, H., 2012. Multiactor governance and the environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37 (1), 365–387. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-020911-094659
- Nisbet, M.C., 2018. Strategic philanthropy in the post-cap-and-trade years: reviewing U.S. climate and energy foundation funding. WIRES: Climate Change, 9 (5), e524.
- Österblom, H., et al., 2015. Transnational corporations as ‘keystone actors’ in marine ecosystems ed. Athanassios C. Tsikliras. PLOS ONE, 10 (5), e0127533. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127533
- Petrovich, J., 2011. Exiting responsibly: best donor practices in ending field support. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
- Pitkin, B. 2020. Moving the rooms of power: participatory philanthropy is gaining more traction. Medium. Available at https://billpitkin.medium.com/moving-the-rooms-of-power-participatory-philanthropy-is-gaining-more-traction-64971ddd593b (accessed 19 January 2021
- Quinn, R., Tompkins-Stange, M., and Meyerson, D., 2014. Beyond grantmaking: philanthropic foundations as agents of change and institutional entrepreneurs. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43 (6), 950–968. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764013488836
- Ramutsindela, M., Spierenburg, M., and Wels, H., 2013. Sponsoring nature: environmental philanthropy for conservation. London: Earthscan.
- Reich, R., 2016. Repugnant to the whole idea of democracy? on the role of foundations in democratic societies. PS, Political Science & Politics, 49 (3), 466–472.
- Reich, R., Cordelli, C., and Bernholz, L., 2016. Philanthropy in democratic societies: history, institutions, values. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Rogers, R., 2015. Why the social sciences should take philanthropy seriously. Society, 52 (6), 533–540. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-015-9944-9
- Seibert, K. 2017. Cultivating legitimacy in philanthropy. Stanford Social Innovation Review. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/cultivating_legitimacy_in_philanthropy.
- Skocpol, T., 2016. Why political scientists should study organized philanthropy. PS, Political Science & Politics, 49 (3), 433–436.
- Spierenburg, M. and Wels, H., 2010. Conservative philanthropists, royalty and business elites in nature conservation in Southern Africa. Antipode, 42 (3), 647–670. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00767.x
- Stern, E., et al. 2012. Broadening the range of designs and methods for impact evaluations. Department for International Development Working Paper 38.
- Tedesco, D., 2015. American foundations in the great bear rainforest: philanthrocapitalism, governmentality, and democracy. Geoforum, 65, 12–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.07.003
- Yandle, T., Noonan, D.S., and Gazley, B., 2016. Philanthropic support of national parks: analysis using the social-ecological systems framework. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 45 (4_suppl), 134S–155S. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764016643612
- Zavaleta, E., et al., 2008. Enhancing the engagement of U.S. private foundations with conservation science. Conservation Biology, 22 (6), 1477–1484. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01046.x
- Zivetz, L. and Cekan, J., with K. Robbins. 2017. Building the evidence base for post project evaluation: case study review and evaluability checklists | better evaluation. Available at: http://valuingvoices.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/The-case-for-post-project-evaluation-Valuing-Voices-Final-2017.pdf