Environmental interest representation in Belgium and the EU: Professionalisation and division of labour within a multi‐level governance setting

References

• Aguilar , Fernandez S. 1994 . ‘Convergence in Environmental Policy? The Resilience of National Institutional Designs in Spain and Germany’ . Journal of Public Policy , 14 ( 1 ) : 39 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Alen , A. 1995 . Handboek van het Belgisch Staatsrecht , Deurne : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , C. 1992 . Influencing the European Community , London : Kogan Page .
   Google Scholar
• Beyers , J. and Kerremans , B. 1997 . “ ‘European Integration and Belgian Politics: The Dilemma Between Autonomy and Cohesion’ ” . In Small States Adaptation to EU‐Membership , Edited by: Soetendorp , B. and Hanf , K. London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Brinkhorst , L.J. 1991 . “ ‘Subsidiarity and European Environmental Policy’ ” . In Subsidiarity: The Challenge of Change , Edited by: EIPA . 89 – 100 . Maastricht : EIPA .
   Google Scholar
• Bursens , P. 1996 . ‘De Europese Lobby's en Europese Instellingen’ . Res Publica , 38 ( 1 ) : 113 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Cawson , A. 1986 . Corporatism and Political Theory , London : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• De Sadeleer , N. 1994 . “ ‘La repartition des competences en matière d'environnement: les apports de la loi spéciale du 16 Juillet 1993 visant à achever la structure fédérale de l'Etat’ ” . In Milieubeleid in hetfederale België anno 1993 , Edited by: Bronders , B. , Sadeleer , N. De and Ergec , R. Diegem : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Dowding , K. 1994 . “ ‘Policy Networks: Don't Stretch a Good Idea Too Far’ ” . In Contemporary Political Studies , Edited by: Dunleavy , P. and Stanyer , J. 59 – 78 . Exeter : Short Run .
   Google Scholar
• Dowding , K. 1995 . ‘Model or metaphor? A Critical Review of the Policy Network Approach’ . Political Studies , 43 ( 1 ) : 136 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubrulle , M. , ed. 1994 . Future European Environmental Policy and Subsidiarity , Brussels : European Interuniversity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ergec , R. 1994 . “ ‘Les consequences de la réforme de l'état por l'elaboration et la mise en oevre du droit international de l'environnement’ ” . In Milieubeleid in het federale Belgie anno 1993 , Edited by: Bronders , B. , Sadeleer , N. De and Ergec , R. Diegem : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Fitzmaurice , J. 1996 . The Politics of Belgium , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Golub , J. 1996 . “ ‘Sovereignty and Subsidiarity in EU Environmental Policy’ ” . In European University Institute Working Papers 96/2
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood , J. and McLaughlin , A. 1995 . ‘The Management of Interest Representation in the European Union’ . Journal of Common Market Studies , 33 ( 1 ) : 143 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haigh , N. 1994 . “ ‘The Environment as a Test‐Case for Subsidiarity’ ” . In Future European Environmental Policy and Subsidiarity , Edited by: Dubrulle , M. 55 – 62 . Brussels : Interuniversity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Haigh , N. and Lanigan , Ch. 1995 . “ ‘Impact of the European Union on UK Environmental Policy Making’ ” . In UK Environmental Policy in the 1990's , Edited by: Gray , T.S. 18 – 37 . New York : St. Martins Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hix , S. 1994 . ‘The Study of the European Community: The Challenge to Comparative Politics’ . West European Politics , 17 ( 1 ) : 1 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Hocking , B. and Wallace , W. . ‘Multi‐Level Governance: An Overview’ . paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions . February‐4 March 27 1997 , Bern.
   Google Scholar
• Hoeffer , R. 1994 . ‘Corporatism, Pluralism and Swedish Interest Group Influence in Social Welfare Policy Making’ . Governance , 7 ( 2 ) : 165 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Hooghe , M. 1995 . ‘De invloed van de milieubeweging op het milieubeleid’ . Res Publica , 37 ( 2 ) : 93 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Hooghe , L. , ed. 1996a . Cohesion Policy and European Integration: Building Multi‐Level Governance , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hooghe , L. 1996b . “ ‘Reconciling EU‐Wide Policy and National Diversity’ ” . Edited by: Hooghe . [1996a: 1–24]
   Google Scholar
• Hooghe , M. 1997 . Nieuwkomers op het middenveld , Brussels : VUB .
   Google Scholar
• Hooghe , L. and Marks , G. 1997 . “ Contending Models of Governance in the European Union’ ” . In Europe's Ambiguous Unity. Conflict and Consensus in the Post‐Maastricht Era , Edited by: Cafruny , A.W. and Lankowski , C. 21 – 44 . Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Huelshoff , M. and Pfeiffer , P. 1991 . ‘Environmental Policy in the EC: Neo‐Functionalist Sovereignty Transfer or Neo‐Realist Gate‐Keeping?’ . International Journal , 47 ( 2 ) : 136 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , G. and Schubert , K. 1992 . ‘A Preliminary Ordering of Policy Network Labels’ . European Journal of Political Research , 21 ( 1–2 ) : 7 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassim , H. 1994 . ‘Policy Networks, Networks and European Union Policy Making: A Sceptical View’ . West European Politics , 17 ( 4 ) : 15 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Kerremans , B. and Beyers , J. 1995 . ‘De plaats van de federate overheid, gewesten en gemeenschappen in de Europese Unie: consequenties van de staatshervorming en de wijziging van artikel 146 EU’ . Tijdschrift voor Bestuurswetenschappan en Publiek Recht , 50 ( 11 ) : 647 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Kerremans , B. and Beyers , J. 1996 . ‘The Belgian Sub‐National Entities in the European Union Second or Third Level Players?’ . Journal of Regional and Federal Studies , 2 ( 4 ) : 41 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Kohler‐Koch , B. and Jachtenfuchs , M. 1996 . “ ‘The Transformation of Governance in the European Union’ ” . In MZES Working Paper , University of Mannheim .
   Google Scholar
• Kohler‐Koch , B. 1997 . “ ‘The Evolution of Organised Interests in the EC: Driving Forces, Co‐Evolution or New Type of Governance?’ ” . In Participation and Policy‐Making in the European Union , Edited by: Wallace , H. and Young , A. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kohler‐Koch , B. 1996 . ‘Catching up with Change: The Transformation of Governance in the European Union’ . Journal of European Public Policy , 3 ( 3 ) : 359 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Kooiman , J. 1993 . “ ‘Social‐Political Governance’ ” . In Modem Governance: New Government—Society Interactions , Edited by: Kooiman , J. 1 – 8 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , L. 1995 . EC Treaty and Environmental Law , London : Sweet & Maxwell .
   Google Scholar
• Kunzlik , P. 1994 . Environmental Policy , Harlow : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Lehmbruch , G. 1982 . “ ‘Neo‐Corporatism in Comparative Perspective’ ” . In Patterns of Corporatist Policy‐Making , Edited by: Lehmbruch , G. and Schmitter , Ph. 1 – 28 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Long , T. 1995 . ‘Shaping Public Policy in the European Union: A Case‐Study’ . Journal of European Public Policy , 2 ( 4 ) : 672 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Marks , G. , Hooghe , L. and Blank , K. 1995 . “ ‘European Integration and the State’ ” . In European University Institute Working Papers 95/6
   Google Scholar
• Marks , G. 1996 . ‘An Actor Centred Approach to Multi‐Level Governance’ . Journal of Regional and Federal Studies , 6 ( 2 ) : 20 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Marks , G. , Nielsen , F. and Ray , L. 1996 . “ ‘Competencies Cracks and Conflicts: Regional Mobilisation in the European Union’ ” . In Governance in the European Union , Edited by: Marks , G. , Scharpf , F. and Schmitter , Ph. 40 – 63 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Mazey , S. and Richardson , J. 1992 . ‘Environmental Groups and the EC: Challenges and Opportunities’ . Environmental Politics , 1 ( 4 ) : 109 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Mazey , S. and Richardson , J. , eds. 1993 . Lobbying in the European Community , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes , R.A.W and Marsh , D. 1992 . ‘New Directions in the Study of Policy Networks’ . European Journal of Political Research , 21 ( 1–2 ) : 181 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , J. 1994 . ‘EU Water Policy: Uncertain Agendas, Shifting Networks and Complex Coalitions’ . Environmental Politics , 3 ( 4 ) : 139 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Sbragia , A. 1993 . “ ‘EC Environmental Policy: Atypical Ambitions and Typical Problems’ ” . In The State of the European Community: The Maastricht Debates and Beyond , Edited by: Cafruny , A.W. 337 – 51 . Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Schmitter , Ph . 1979 . “ ‘Still the Century of Corporatism?’ ” . In Trends Towards Corporatist Intermediation , Edited by: Schmitter , Ph. and Lehmbruch , G. 7 – 49 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Sevenster , H.G. 1992 . Milieubeleid en gemeenschapsrecht , Deventer : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M.J. 1992 . Pressure, Power and Policy , London : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
   Google Scholar
• Van Waarden , F. 1992 . ‘Dimensions and Types of Policy Networks’ . European Journal of Political Research , 21 ( 1–2 ) : 29 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walgrave , S. 1994 . Nieuwe sociale bewegingen in Vlaanderen , Leuven : KUL .
   Google Scholar
• Walgrave , S. 1997 . ‘Draagt het middenveld (bij)?’ . Res Publica , 39 ( 3 ) : 331 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Wapner , P. 1995 . ‘Politics Beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics’ . World Politics , 47 ( 3 ) : 311 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson , P.J. 1989 . Corporatism in Perspective: An Introductory Guide to Corporatist Theory , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , F.L. 1983 . ‘French Interest Group Politics: Pluralist or Neo‐Corporatist’ . American Political Science Review , 77 ( 4 ) : 895 – 910 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windhoff‐Heritier , A. 1993 . “ ‘Policy Network Analysis: A Tool for Comparative Political Research’ ” . In Comparative Politics , Edited by: Keman , H. 143 – 60 . Amsterdam : VU University Press .
   Google Scholar