1,844
Views
33
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Chlorpromazine Enigma

Pages 14-29 | Published online: 16 Jan 2013

References

  • Andén , N , Roos , B and Werdinius , B . 1964 . Effects of chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and reserpine on the levels of phenolic acids in rabbit corpus striatum . Life Sciences , 3 : 149 – 158 .
  • Axelrod , J and Tomchick , R . 1959 . Activation and inhibition of adrenaline metabolism . Nature , 184 : 2027
  • Barbeau , A , Sourkes , TL and Murphy , GF . 1962 . “ Les catecholamines dans la maladie de Parkinson. In: de Ajuriaguerra ” . In Monoamine et Systeme Nerveux Central , 247 – 262 . Geneva , , Geoug and Paris : Masson .
  • Barsa , JA and Kline , NS . 1955 . Combined reserpine-chlorpromazine in treatment of disturbed psychotics . Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry , 74 : 280 – 286 .
  • Bartlet , AL . 1960 . The 5-hydroxytryptamine content of mouse brain and whole mice after treatment with some drugs affecting the central nervous system . British Journal of Pharmacology , 15 : 140 – 146 .
  • Baumeister , AA . 2002 . Historical development of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia . The Journal of the History of the Neurosciences , 11 : 265 – 277 .
  • Bein , HJ . 1955 . Significance of selected central mechanisms for the analysis of the action of reserpine . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 61 : 4 – 16 .
  • Bein , HJ . 1956 . The pharmacology of rauwolfia . Pharmacological Reviews , 8 : 435 – 483 .
  • Bernsohn , J , Namajuska , I and Cochrane , SG . 1956 . The effect of chlorpromazine on respiration and glycolysis in rat brain . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 62 : 274 – 283 .
  • Bertler , Å , Carlsson , A and Rosengren , E . 1956 . Release by reserpine of catechole amines from rabbit's hearts . Die Naturwissenschaften , 43 : 521
  • Bertler , Å and Rosengren , E . 1959 . Occurrence and distribution of dopamine in brain and other tissues . Experientia , 15 : 10 – 11 .
  • Birkmayer , W von and Hornykiewicz , O . 1961 . Der 1-3,4-dioxyphenylalanin (=dopa)- effect bei der parkinson-akinese . Wien Klin Wochenschr Journal , 73 : 787 – 788 .
  • Born , GVR . 1956 . Adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) in blood platelets . Biochemical Journal , 62 : 33
  • Brodie , B , Pletscher , A and Shore , PA . 1955 . Evidence that serotonin has a role in brain function . Science , 122 : 968
  • Brodie , BA , Shore , PA and Pletscher , A . 1956 . Serotonin-releasing activity limited to rauwolfia alkaloids with tranquilizing action . Science , 123 : 992 – 993 .
  • Brodie , BB , Shore , PA , Silver , SL and Pulver , R . 1955 . Potentiating action of chlorpromazine and reserpine . Nature , 175 : 1133 – 1134 .
  • Burger , M . 1956 . Abnahme der Plasma-Noradrenalin-Konzentration nach Reserpine . Helvetica Physiologica et Pharmacologica Acta , 14 : C13 – C14 .
  • Camanni , F , Molinatti , GM and Olivetti , M . 1959 . Abolition by chlorpromazine of the inhibiting effect of iproniazid on the depletion of adrenal catechol amines induced by reserpine . Nature , 184 : 65 – 66 .
  • Carlsson , A . 1959 . The occurrence, distribution and physiological role of catecholamines in the nervous system . Pharmacological Reviews , 11 : 490 – 493 .
  • Carlsson , A . 1992 . “ Trying to understand the brain's chemical language ” . In The Neurosciences: Paths of Discovery II , Edited by: Samson , FE and Adelman , G . 107 – 121 . Boston : Birkhauser .
  • Carlsson , A . 1998 . “ Arvid Carlsson ” . In The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography , Edited by: Squire , LR . 29 – 66 . San Diego : Academic Press .
  • Carlsson , A and Hillarp , N . 1956 . Release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla of rabbits produced by reserpine . Proceedings of the Royal Physiographic Society at Lund , 26 ( 8 ) : 90 – 91 .
  • Carlsson , A and Lindqvist , M . 1963 . Effect of chlorpromazine or haloperidol on formation of 3-methoxytyramine and normetanephrine in mouse brain . Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica , 20 : 140 – 144 .
  • Carlsson , A , Lindqvist , M and Magnusson , T . 1957 . 3,4-dihydroxyphenlalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan as reserpine antagonists . Nature , 180 : 1200
  • Carlsson , A , Lindqvist , M , Magnusson , T and Waldeck , B . 1958 . On the presence of 3-hydroxytyramine in brain . Science , 127 : 471
  • Carlsson , A , Rosengren , E , Bertler , Å and Nilsson , J . 1957 . “ Effect of reserpine on the metabolism of catechol amines ” . In Psychotropic Drugs , Edited by: Garattini , S and Ghetti , V . 363 – 372 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Cooper , JR , Bloom , FE and Roth , RH . 2003 . The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Costa , E , Garattini , S and Valzelli . 1960 . Interactions between reserpine, chlorpromazine, and imipramine . Experientia , 16 : 461 – 463 .
  • Costa , E , Gessa , GL and Brodie , BB . 1962 . Influence of hypothermia on chlorpromazine-induced changes in brain amine levels . Life Sciences , 7 : 315 – 319 .
  • Costa , E and Rinaldi , F . 1958 . Biochemical and electroencephalographic changes in the brain of rabbits injected with 5-hydroxytryptophan (influence of chlorpromazine premedication) . American Journal of Physiology , 194 : 214 – 220 .
  • Courvoisier , S , Fournal , J , Ducrot , R , Kolsky and Koetchet , P . 1953 . Propriétés pharmacodynamiques du chlorhydrate de chloro-3 (diméthylamino-3’ propyl) – 10 phénothiazine (4.560 R.P.) . Archive of International Pharmacodynamics , 92 : 305 – 361 .
  • Curzon , G . 1990 . How reserpine and chlorpromazine impact key discoveries on the history of psychopharmacology . Trends in Pharmacological Sciences , 11 : 61 – 63 .
  • Ehringer , H and Hornykiewicz , O . 1960 . Verteilung von Noradrenalin und Dopamin (3-Hydroxytramin) im Gehirn des Menschen und ihr Verhalten bei Erkrankungen des extrapyramidalen Systems . Wien Klin Wochenschr Journal , 38 : 1236 – 1239 .
  • Ehringer , H , Hornykiewicz , O and Lechner , K . 1960 . Die wirkung des Chlorpromazins auf den Katecholamin- und 5-hydroxytryptaminstoffwechsel im gehirn der Ratte . Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology , 239 : 507 – 519 .
  • Gaddum , JH . 1954 . “ Drugs antagonistic to 5-hydroxytryptamine ” . In CIBA Foundation Symposium on Hypertension, Humoral and Neurogenic Factors , Edited by: Wolstenholme , GEW and Cameron , MP . 75 – 77 . Boston : Little, Brown and Company .
  • Gey , KF and Pletscher , A . 1961a . EinfluB von Chlorpromazin und Chlorprothixen auf den Monoamin-Stoffwechess des Rattenhirns . Helvetica Physiologica et Pharmacologica Acta , 19 : C22 – C24 .
  • Gey , KF and Pletscher , A . 1961b . Influence of chlorpromazine and chlorprothixene on the cerebral metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine, and dopamine . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 133 : 18 – 24 .
  • Gey , KF and Pletscher , A . 1968 . Acceleration of turnover of 14C-catecholamines in rat brain by chlorpromazine . Experientia , 24 : 335 – 336 .
  • Healy , D . 1996 . “ The rise of neuropsychopharmacology: Impact on basic and clinical neuroscience ” . In The Psychopharmacologists: Interviews by Dr. David Healy , 51 – 80 . London : Altman .
  • Hillarp , N , Högberg , B and Nilson , B . 1955 . Adenosine triphosphate in the adrenal medulla of the cow . Nature , 176 : 1032 – 1033 .
  • Holtz , P , Balzer , H and Westermann , E . 1957 . Die beeinflussung der reserpinwirkung auf das nebennierenmark durch hemmungder mono-aminoxydase . Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology , 231 : 361 – 372 .
  • Holzbauer , M and Vogt , M . 1956 . Depression by reserpine of the noradrenaline concentration in the hypothalamus of the cat . Journal of Neurochemistry , 1 : 8 – 11 .
  • Holzer , G and Hornykiewicz , O . 1959 . Über den Dopamin-(Hydroxytryamin-) Stoffwechsel im gehirn der Ratte . Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology , 237 : 27 – 33 .
  • Johnson , AB . 1992 . Out of Bedlam: The Truth about Deinstitutionalization , New York : Basic Books .
  • Kline , N . 1954 . Use of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. in neuropsychiatric conditions . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 59 : 107 – 132 .
  • Lehmann , HE and Hanrahan , GE . 1954 . Chlorpromazine: New inhibiting agent for psychomotor excitement and manic states . Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry , 71 : 227 – 237 .
  • Lindley , CJ . 1957 . “ VA hospital survey of tranquilizing drugs ” . In Transactions of the Second Research Conference on Chemotherapy, May 9 and 10, 1957, VA Hospital Downey, Ill , Vol. 2 , 29 – 34 . Washington , DC : Veterans Administration .
  • Nakajima , H . 1959 . Studies on amine oxidase: Effects of chlorpromazine and its analogues . The Journal of Biochemistry , 46 : 559 – 570 .
  • Nybäck , H and Sedvall , G . 1968 . Effect of chlorpromazine on accumulation and disappearance of catecholamines formed from tyrosine-C14 in brain . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 162 : 294 – 301 .
  • Nybäck , H and Sedvall , G . 1970 . Further studies on the accumulation and disappearance of catecholamines formed from tyrosine-14C in mouse brain: Effect of some phenothiazine analogues . European Journal of Pharmacology , 10 : 193 – 205 .
  • Overholser , W . 1956 . Has chlorpromazine inaugurated a new era in mental hospitals? . Quarterly Review of Psychiatry and Neurology , 17 : 197 – 201 .
  • Peruzzo , L and Forni , RB . 1953 . Action de la chlorpromazine (largactil) sur la respiration des tissus (consommation en oxygène) . La Presse Médicale , 61 : 1463 – 1463 .
  • Pletscher , A , Shore , PA and Brodie , BB . 1955 . Serotonin release as a possible mechanism of reserpine action . Science , 122 : 374 – 375 .
  • Pletscher , A , Shore , PA and Brodie , BB . 1956 . Serotonin as a mediator of reserpine action in brain . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 116 : 84 – 89 .
  • Plummer , AJ , Barrett , WE , Wagle , G and Yonkman , FF . 1953 . Sedative and hypnotic action of reserpine in unanesthetized animals . Federation Proceedings , 12 : 357 – 358 .
  • Prada , M and Pletscher , A . 1966 . Acceleration of cerebral dopamine turnover by chlorpromazine . Experientia , 22 : 465 – 466 .
  • Rapport , MM . 1949 . Serum vasoconstrictor (serotonin): V. The presence of creatinine in the complex: A proposed structure of the vasoconstrictor principle . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 180 : 961 – 969 .
  • Roos , B . 1965 . Effects of certain tranquillizers on the level of homovanillic acid in the corpus striatum . Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , 17 : 820 – 821 .
  • Schildkraut , JJ . 1965 . The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence . American Journal of Psychiatry , 122 : 509 – 522 .
  • Seeman , P , Chau-Wong , M , Tedesco , J and Wong , K . 1975 . Brain receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: Direct bindings assays . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 72 : 4376 – 4380 .
  • Seeman , P , Lee , T , Chau-Wong , M and Wong , K . 1976 . Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic/dopamine receptors . Nature , 261 : 717 – 719 .
  • Shore , PA , Silver , SL and Brodie , BB . 1955a . Interaction of serotonin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the central nervous system . Experentia , 11 : 272 – 273 .
  • Shore , PA , Silver , SL and Brodie , BB . 1955b . Interaction of reserpine, Serotonin, and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in brain . Science , 122 : 284 – 285 .
  • Swazey , JP . 1974 . Chlorpromazine in Psychiatry: A Study of Therapeutic Innovation , Cambridge : The MIT Press .
  • Twarog , BM . 1954 . Responses of a molluscan smooth muscle to acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine . Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology , 44 : 141 – 163 .
  • Twarog , BM and Page , IH . 1953 . Serotonin content of some mammalian tissues and urine and a method for its determination . American Journal of Physiology , 175 : 157 – 161 .
  • Vakil , RJ . 1949 . A clinical trial of Rauwolfia serpentine in essential hypertension . British Heart Journal , 11 : 350 – 355 .
  • Valenstein , ES . 2005 . The War of the Soups and the Sparks , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Van Rossum , JM . 1966 . “ The significance of dopamine-receptor blockade for the action of neuroleptic drugs ” . In Neuro-psycho-pharmacology , Edited by: Brill , H . 321 – 329 . Amsterdam : Excerpta Medica Foundation .
  • Vogt , M . 1957 . “ Distribution of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the central nervous system and its modification by drugs ” . In Metabolism of the Nervous System , Edited by: Richter , D . 553 – 565 . New York : Pergamon Press .
  • Welsh , JH . 1953 . Excitation of the heart of Venus mercenaria . Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology , 219 : S23 – S29 .
  • Wesley , C , Starbuck , C and Heim , HC . 1959 . Some in vitro effects of chlorpromazine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and 5-hydroxytryptamine on the respiration of rat brain . Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association , 48 : 251 – 253 .
  • West , GB . 1958 . Studies on 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptophan . Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , 10 : 92T – 97T .
  • Winkelman , NM . 1954 . Chlorpromazine in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders . Journal of the American Medical Association , 155 : 18 – 21 .
  • Woolley , DW and Shaw , E . 1954 . A biochemical and pharmacological suggestion about certain mental disorders . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 40 : 228 – 231 .
  • Zbinden , G and Studer , A . 1958 . Histochemische Untersuchungen ϋber den Einfluss von Iproniazid (Marsilid) auf die durch Reserpin erzeugte Freisetzung von Adrenalin und Noradrenalin aus dem Nebennierenmark . Experientia , 14 : 201 – 203 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.