805
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Discovery of Spectral Opponency in Visual Systems and its Impact on Understanding the Neurobiology of Color Vision

References

  • Abramov I, Gordon J (1994): Color appearance: On seeing red—or yellow, or green, or blue. Annual Review of Psychology 45: 451–485.
  • Armington JC (1974): The Electroretinogram. New York, Academic Press.
  • Bertulis A, Guld C, Lennox-Bucthal MA (1977): Spectral and orientation specificity of single cells in foveal striate cortex of the vervet monkey. Cercopithecus aethiops. Journal of Physiology 268: 1–20.
  • Blakeslee B, Jacobs GH, Neitz J (1988): Spectral mechanisms in the tree squirrel retina. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 162: 773–780.
  • Blessing EM, Solomon SG, Hashemi-Nezhad M, Morris BJ, Martin PR (2004): Chromatic and spatial properties of parvocellular cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Journal of Physiology 557: 229–245.
  • Bowmaker JK, Dartnall HJ, Mollon JD (1980): Microspectrophotometric demonstration of four classes of photoreceptor in an old world primate, Macaca fascicularis. Journal of Physiology 298: 131–143.
  • Brindley GS (1970): Physiology of the Retina and the Visual Pathway. London, Edward Arnold Ltd.
  • Buzas P, Kobor P, Petyko A, Telkes I, Martin PR, Lenard L (2013): Receptive field properties of color opponent neurons in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. The Journal of Neuroscience 33: 1451–1461.
  • Conway BR (2009): Color vision, cones, and color-coding in the cortex. Neuroscientist 15: 274–290.
  • Conway BR (in press): Color signals through dorsal and ventral visual pathways. Visual Neuroscience.
  • Conway BR, Chatterjee S, Field OD, Horwitz GD, Johnson EN, Koida K, Mancusco K (2010): Advances in color science: From retina to behavior. The Journal of Neuroscience 30: 14955–14963.
  • Crone RA (1999): A history of color: The evolution of theories of lights and colors. Documenta Ophthalmologica 96: 1–275.
  • Dacey DM (1999): Primate retina: Cell types, circuits and color opponency. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 18: 737–763.
  • Daw NW, Pearlman AL (1970): Cat colour vision: Evidence for more than one cone process. Journal of Physiology 211: 125–137.
  • De Monasterio FM (1978): Spectral interactions in horizontal and ganglion cells of the isolated and arterially-perfused rabbit retina. Brain Research 150: 239–258.
  • De Monasterio FM, Gouras P (1975): Functional properties of ganglion cells of the rhesus monkey retina. Journal of Physiology 251: 167–175.
  • De Monasterio FM, Gouras P, Tolhurst DJ (1975a): Concealed colour opponency in ganglion cells of the rhesus monkey retina. Journal of Physiology 251: 217–229.
  • De Monasterio FM, Gouras P, Tolhurst DJ (1975b): Trichromatic colour opponency in ganglion cells of the rhesus monkey retina. Journal of Physiology 25: 197–216.
  • De Valois RL (1960): Color vision mechanisms in the monkey. Journal of General Physiology 43: 115–128.
  • De Valois RL, Abramov I, Jacobs GH (1966): Analysis of response patterns of LGN cells. Journal of the Optical Society of America 56: 966–977.
  • De Valois RL, Abramov I, Mead WR (1967): Single cell analysis of wavelength discrimination at the lateral geniculate nucleus in the macaque. Journal of Neurophysiology 30: 415–433.
  • De Valois RL, De Valois KK (1993): A multi-stage color model. Vision Research 33: 1063–1065.
  • De Valois RL, Jacobs GH, Jones AE (1963): Responses of single cells in primate red-green color vision system. Optik 20: 87–98.
  • De Valois RL, Smith CJ, Karoly AJ, Kitai ST (1959): Electrical responses of primate visual system: I. Different layers of macaque lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 51: 662–668.
  • De Valois RL, Smith CJ, Kitai ST (1959): Electrical responses of primate visual system: II. Responses from single on-cells of macaque lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 52: 635–641.
  • De Valois RL, Smith CJ, Kitai ST, Karoly AJ (1957): Responses from different layers of the monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to monochromatic light stimuli. The American Psychologist 12: 468.
  • De Valois RL, Smith CJ, Kitai ST, Karoly AJ (1958): Responses of single cells in monkey lateral geniculate nucleus to monochromatic light. Science 127: 238–239.
  • Derrington AM, Krauskopf J, Lennie P (1984): Chromatic mechanisms in lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque. Journal of Physiology 357: 219–240.
  • Diller L, Packer OS, Verweij J, McMahon MJ, Williams DR, Dacey DM (2004): L and M cone contributions to the midget and parasol ganglion cell receptive fields of macaque monkey retina. The Journal of Neuroscience 24: 1079–1088.
  • Dodt E, Copenhaver RM, Gunkel RD (1959): Electroretinographic measurement of spectral sensitivity in albinos, caucasians, and negroes. AMA Archives of Ophthalmology 62: 795–803.
  • Ekesten B, Gouras P (2005): Cone and rod inputs to murine retinal ganglion cells: Evidence of cone opsin specific channels. Visual Neuroscience 22: 893–903.
  • Estevez O, Spekreijse H (1982): The “silent substitution” method in visual research. Vision Research 22: 681–691.
  • Gegenfurtner KR, Kiper DC (2003): Color vision. Annual Review of Neuroscience 26: 877–886.
  • Gouras P, Eggers H (1984): Hering’s opponent colour channels do not exist in the primate retinogeniculate pathway. Ophthalmic Research 16: 31–35.
  • Granit R (1941): The retinal mechanisms of color reception. Journal of the Optical Society of America 31: 570–580.
  • Granit R (1945a): The colour receptors of the mammalian retina. Journal of Neurophysiology 8: 195–210.
  • Granit R (1945b): The electrophysiological analysis of the fundamental problem of colour reception: Thomas Young oration, No. 14. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London 57: 447–463.
  • Granit R (1947): Sensory Mechanisms of the Retina. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Granit R (1948): The off/on-ratio of the isolated on-off-elements in the mammalian eye. British Journal of Ophthalmology 32: 550–554.
  • Granit R (1955): Receptors and Sensory Perception. New Haven, Yale University Press.
  • Granit R (1968): The development of retinal neurophysiology. Science 160: 1192–1196.
  • Grether WF (1939): Color vision and color blindness in monkeys. Comparative Psychology Monographs 29: 1–38.
  • Guth SL, Donley NJ, Marrocco RT (1969): On luminance additivity and related topics. Vision Research 9: 537–575.
  • Hartline HK (1938): The response of single optic nerve fibers of the vertebrate retina. American Journal of Physiology 121: 400–414.
  • Hartline HK, Graham CH (1932): Nerve impulses from single receptors in the eye. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 1: 277–295.
  • Helmholtz H (1876): Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik. Hamburg and Leipzig, Voss.
  • Helmholtz H (1924): Treatise on Physiological Optics ( Vol. 2). Rochester, Optical Society of America.
  • Hemmi JM, James A, Taylor WR (2002): Color opponent retinal ganglion cells in the tammar wallaby retina. Journal of Vision 2: 608–617.
  • Hering E (1878): Zur Lehre von Lichtsinne. Wien, Gerolds Sohn.
  • Hering E (1964): Outlines of a Theory of the Light Sense. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
  • Hubel DH, Wiesel TN (1960): Receptive fields of optic nerve fibres in the spider monkey. Journal of Physiology 154: 572–580.
  • Hurvich LM (1969): Hering and the scientific establishment. The American Psychologist 24: 497–514.
  • Hurvich LM, Jameson D (1957): An opponent-process theory of color vision. Psychological Review 64: 384–404.
  • Ingling Jr., CR, Tsou BH-P (1977): Orthogonal combination of three visual channels. Vision Research 17: 1075–1082.
  • Jacobs GH (1964): Single cells in squirrel monkey lateral geniculate nucleus with broad spectral sensitivity. Vision Research 4: 221–232.
  • Jacobs GH (1983): Differences in spectral response patterns of LGN cells in male and female squirrel monkeys. Vision Research 23: 461–468.
  • Jacobs GH (2004): Comparative color vision. In: Chalupa LM, Werner JS, eds., The Visual Neurosciences ( Vol. 2). Cambridge, MIT Press, pp. 962–973.
  • Jacobs GH (2007): New World monkeys and color. International Journal of Primatology 28: 729–759.
  • Jacobs GH (2008): Primate color vision: A comparative perspective. Visual Neuroscience 25: 619–633.
  • Jacobs GH (2009): Evolution of colour vision in mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 364: 2957–2967.
  • Jacobs GH (2013): Losses of functional opsin genes, short-wavelength cone photopigments, and color vision—A significant trend in the evolution of mammalian vision. Visual Neuroscience 30: 3l9–353.
  • Jacobs GH, Blakeslee B, Tootell RBH (1981): Color discrimination tests on fibers in the ground squirrel optic nerve. Journal of Neurophysiology 45: 903–914.
  • Jacobs GH, De Valois RL (1965): Chromatic opponent cells in squirrel monkey lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature 206: 487–489.
  • Jacobs GH, Deegan, II, JF, Neitz JA, Crognale MA, Neitz M (1993): Photopigments and color vision in the nocturnal monkey, Aotus. Vision Research 33: 1773–1783.
  • Jacobs GH, Fenwick JA, Williams GA (2001): Cone-based vision of rats for ultraviolet and visible lights. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 2439–2446.
  • Jacobs GH, Tootell RBH (1981): Spectral response properties of optic nerve fibers in the ground squirrel. Journal of Neurophysiology 45: 891–902.
  • Jameson D, Hurvich LM (1982): Gunnar Svaetichin: Man of vision. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 13: 307–310.
  • Johnson EN, Van Hooser SD, Fitzpatrick D (2010): The representation of S-cone signals in primaty visual cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience 30: 10337–10350.
  • Judd DB (1949): Response functions for types of vision according to the Müller theory. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 42: 1–19.
  • Kaiser PK, Boynton KM (1996): Human color vision, 2nd edition. Washington, DC, Optical Society of America.
  • Kaneko A (1970): Physiological and morphological identification of horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cells in the goldfish retina. Journal of Physiology 207: 623–633.
  • Kaneko A (1987): The functional role of retinal horizontal cells. Journal of Japanese Physiology 37: 341–358.
  • Kaplan E (2014): The M, P, and K pathways of the primate visual system revisited. In: Werner JS, Chapula LM, eds., The New Visual Neurosciences. Cambridge, MIT Press, pp. 215–226.
  • Kuffler SW (1953): Discharge patterns and functional organization of mammalian retina. Journal of Neurophysiology 16: 37–68.
  • Lamb TD (2013): Evolution of phototransduction, vertebrate photoreceptors and retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 36: 52–119.
  • Le Gros Clark WE (1940): Anatomical basis of colour vision. Nature 146: 558–559.
  • Le Gros Clark WE (1949): The laminar pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus considered in relation to colour vision. Documenta Ophthalmologica 3: 57–64.
  • Le Gros Clark WE, Chacko L (1947): A possible central mechanism for colour vision. Nature 160: 123–124.
  • Le Gros Clark WE, Penman GG (1934): The projection of the retina in the lateral geniculate body. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 114: 291–313.
  • Lee BB (2011): Visual pathways and psychophysical channels in the primate. Journal of Physiology 589: 41–47.
  • Lee BB (2014): Color coding in the primate visual pathway: A historical view. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 31: A103–A112.
  • Lee BB, Silveira LC, Yamada ES, Hunt DM, Kremers J, Martin PR, Troy JB, da Silva-Filho M (2000): Visual responses of gangion cells of a new-world primae, the capuchin monkey, Cebus apella. Journal of Physiology 528: 573–590.
  • Lennie P, Movshon JA (2005): Coding of color and form in the geniculostriate visual pathway. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 22: 2013–2033.
  • Marrocco RT, De Valois RL (1977): Locus of spectral neutral point in monkey opponent cells depends on stimulus luminance relative to background. Brain Research 119: 465–470.
  • Merigan WH (1989): Chromatic and achromatic vision of macaques: Role of the P pathway. The Journal of Neuroscience 9: 776–783.
  • Michael CR (1966): Receptive fields of opponent color units in the optic nerve of the ground squirrel. Science 152: 1095–1097.
  • Mollon J (1995): Seeing colour. In: Lamb TD, Bourriau, eds., Colour: Art and Science. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 127–150.
  • Mollon JD (2003): The origins of modern color science. In: Shevell SK, The Science of Color. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2nd edition, pp. 1–39.
  • Müller GE (1930): Uber die farbenempfindunge. Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane 17: 1–430.
  • Neitz J, Neitz M (2011): The genetics of normal and defective color vision. Vision Research 51: 633–651.
  • Nilsson DE (2013): Eye evolution and its functional basis. Visual Neuroscience 30: 5–20.
  • Packer OS, Verweij J, Li PH, Schnapf JL, Dacey DM (2010): Blue-yellow opponency in primate S cone photoreceptors. The Journal of Neuroscience 30: 568–572.
  • Preuss TM (2000): Taking the measure of diversity: Comparative alternatives to the model-animal paradigm in cortical neuroscience. Brain Behavior and Evolution 55: 287–299.
  • Schiller PH, Malpeli JG (1978): Functional specificity of lateral geniculate nucleus laminae of the rhesus monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 41: 788–797.
  • Schmidt B, Neitz M, Neitz J (2014): The neurobiological explanation for color appearance and hue perception. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 31: A195–A207.
  • Shapley R, Hawken MJ (2011): Color in the cortex: Single- and double-opponent cells. Vision Research 51: 701–717.
  • Silveira LC, Saito CA, Lee BB, Kremers J, da Silva-Filho M, Kilavik BE, Yamada ES, Perry VH (2004): Morphology and physiology of primate M- and P-cells. Progress in Brain Research 443: 21–46.
  • Smith VC, Pokorny J (1975): Spectral sensitivity of the foveal cone pigments between 400 and 500 nm. Vision Research 15: 161–171.
  • Solomon SG, Lennie P (2007): The machinery of colour vision. Nature Neuroscience Reviews 8: 276–286.
  • Stockman A, Brainard DH (2010): Color vision mechanisms. In: Bass M, ed., OSA Handbook of Optics. New York, McGraw-Hill, pp. 11.11–11.104.
  • Svaetichin G (1953): The cone action potential. Acta Physiologica Scandanavica 29 (Supplement 106): 565–600.
  • Svaetichin G (1956): Spectral response curves from single cones. Acta Physiologica Scandanavica 39 (Supplement 134): 17–46.
  • Svaetichin GS, Laufer M, Mitarai G, Fatechand R, Vallecalle E, Villegas J (1961): Glial control of neuronal networks and receptors. In: Jung R, Kornhuber H., eds., The Visual System: Neurophysiology and Psychophysics. Berlin, Springer, pp. 445–456.
  • Svaetichin GS, MacNichol EF (1958): Retinal mechanisms for chromatic and achromatic vision. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 74: 385–404.
  • Tailby C, Solomon SG, Lennie P (2008): Functional asymmetries in visual pathways carrying S-cone signals in macaque. The Journal of Neuroscience 28: 4078–4087.
  • Tomita T (1957): A study on the origin of intraretinal action potential of the cyprinid fish by means of pencil-type micro electrode. Japanese Journal of Physiology 7: 80–85.
  • Trendelenburg W, & Schmidt I (1930): Untersuchungen über das Farbensystem der Affen. Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Physiology 12: 249–278.
  • Turner RS (1993): Vision studies in Germany: Helmholz versus Hering. OSIRIS 8: 80–103.
  • Turner RS (1994): In the Eye’s Mind—Vision and the Helmholtz-Hering Controversy. Princeton, NJ, Princeton Univesity Press.
  • Twig G, Levy H, Perlman I (2003): Color opponency in horizontal cells of the vertebrate retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 22: 31–68.
  • Van Hooser SD, Hemel JA, Nelson SB (2003): Receptive field properties and laminar organization of lateral geniculate nucleus in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Journal of Neurophysiology 90: 3398–3418.
  • Von Kries J (1882): Die Gesichtsempfinungen und ihre Analyze. Leipzig, Veith & Co.
  • Walls GL (1942): The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation. Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, Cranbrook Institute of Science.
  • Walls GL (1953): The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Visual Histophysiology. Berkeley, University of California Press.
  • Wasserman GS (1978): Color Vision: An Historical Introduction. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
  • Wiesel TN, Hubel DH (1966): Spatial and chromatic interactions in the lateral geniculate body of the rhesus monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 29: 1115–1156.
  • Willmer EN (1961): Human colour vision and the perception of blue. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2: 141–179.
  • Wright WD (1947): Researches on Normal and Defective Colour Vision. Oxford, Mosby.
  • Wyszecki G, Stiles WS (1982): Color Science. New York, John Wiley & Son.
  • Yeh T, Lee BB, Kremers J, Cowing JA, Hunt DM, Martin PR, Troy JB (1995): Visual responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus of dichromatic and trichromatic marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). The Journal of Neuroscience 15: 7892–7904.
  • Yin L, Smith RG, Sterling P, Brainard DH (2009): Physiology and morphology of color-opponent ganglion cells in a retina expressing a dual gradient of S and M opsins. The Journal of Neuroscience 29: 2706–2724.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.