572
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Romanian Revolution of 1989 and the Veracity of the External Subversion Theory

References

  • Albats, Yevgenia . 1995. KGB: State within a State . London: I.B. Tauris.
  • Andrei, Stefan in Cosmin Savu . 2011. “Ceauşescu, bancherul lumii” [“Ceauşescu, the World’s Banker”]. Report Romania’s sovereign debt, Gandul , May 9.
  • Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe [The Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs]. 1989. Ministry Telegrams , Vol. 4: 387–388.
  • Asociatia Memorialul Revolutiei 16–22 Decembrie 1989, Timisoara . 2004. Procesul de la Timisoara, Audierea celor 21 de securisti si militieni inculpate [ Timisoara Trial – the Hearing of the 21 Securitate and Militia Defendants ]. Vol. 1. Bucharest: Fundatia Academia Civica.
  • Azrael, Jeremy R . 1989. The KGB in Kremlin Politics . RAND/UCLA Center for the Study of Soviet International Behavior. Accessed January 12, 2014. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a228341.pdf
  • Bacanu, Petre Mihai . 1992. “Cine a Tras?” [“Who Shot?”]. Romania Libera , December 18, 1–2.
  • Bacanu, Petre Mihai . 1993. “Responsabilitatea Sangelui Varsat” [“The Responsibility of the Shed Blood”]. Romania Libera , December 22, 2.
  • Baleanu, Virgil George . 1996. A Clear and Present Danger to Democracy, The New Romanian Security Services Are Still Watching . Sandhurst: Conflict Studies Research Centre, Royal Military Academy.
  • Baltazar, Bogdan in Cosmin Savu . 2011. “Ceauşescu, bancherul lumii” [“Ceauşescu, the World’s Banker”]. Report Romania’s sovereign debt. Gandul , May 9.
  • Ban, Cornel . 2012. “Sovereign Debt, Austerity, and Regime Change – The Case of Nicolae Ceausescu’s Romania.” East European Politics & Societies 26 (4): 743–776.
  • Beschloss, Michael R , and Strobe Talbott . 1993. At the Highest Levels, The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War . London: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Brandstatter, Susanne . 2004. “Schachmatt: Strategie einer Revolution” [“Checkmate: Strategy of a Revolution”]. Video, 52:00, Directed by Susanne Brandstätter. ORF/3sat, ZDF/ARTE/. LOOKS Medienproduktionen GmbH, Parallel 40.
  • Brown, James F. 2001. The Grooves of Change . Durham, NC : Duke University Press.10.1215/9780822380115
  • Bukovski, Vladimir . 1990. “L'Empire Du Moindre Mal.” Libre Journal 1 (sept–oct): 30, cited in, Vladimir Alexe : “KGB si revolutiile din Europa de Est” [“KGB and the Revolutions from Eastern Europe”]. Ziua , November 19.
  • Burke, James F . 1994. “The December 1989 Revolt and the Romanian Coup D”Etat.” Accessed January 12, 2014. http://www.Ceauşescu.org/Ceauşescu_texts/revolution
  • Castex, Michel . 1990. Un Mensonge Gros Comme Le Siècle. Roumanie, Histoire D’une Manipulation [ A Lie as Huge as the Century. Romania, The History of a Manipulation ]. Paris: Albin Michel.
  • Ceauşescu, Nicolae . 1989. Cuvantare catre tara [ Adress to the Country ]. Video, 8:47, Romanian Radio-TV Broadcasting Corporation, December 20.
  • Ceauşescu, Nicolae . 2009. “Fragments of the Speech at the Plenary Meeting of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party’.” Cited in “Nicolae Ceauşescu: România nu mai plăteşte tribut nimănui!” [“Nicolae Ceauşescu: Romania No Longer Pay any Tribute to Anyone”]. Jurnalul National , April 13.
  • Chavero-Pozo, José Javier . 2001. “La Revolución Rumana De 1989.” Papeles del Este, Transiciones Poscomunistas. 2 (1): 2–17.
  • Cold War International History Project . 1998. Bulletin Mar. (10): 188–191.
  • Coman, Ion in Cosmin Savu . 2011. “Ceauşescu, bancherul lumii” [“Ceauşescu, the World’s Banker”]. Report Romania’s sovereign debt. Gandul , May 9.
  • Craciun, Andrei . 2010a. “Cum a Reactivat Militaru Divizia Kgb Care a Condus România” [“How Has Militaru Managed to Reactivate the Kgb Group That Ruled over Romania”]. Adevarul , March 14.
  • Craciun, Andrei . 2010b. “Lista Spionului Militaru În Vremea Lui Iliescu” [“The List of the Spy Militaru in the Time of Iliescu”]. Adevarul , March 15.
  • Crowder, Ashby . 2007. “Legacies of 1968, Autonomy and Depresion in Ceauşescu’s Romania (1965–1989).” MA Thesis, College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University. Accessed January 12, 2014. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=ohiou1186838492&disposition=inline
  • Deletant, Dennis . 1999. Romania under Communist Rule . Portland, OR : Center for Romanian Studies.
  • Deletant, Dennis , and Mihail Ionescu . 2004. CWIHP . Working Paper no. 43. Accessed January 12, 2014. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF368.pdf
  • Durandin, Catherine . 2002. “Roumanie – La “Révolution” De 1989” [“Romania, The 1989 ‘Revolution’”], interviewed by Pierre Verluise. Diploweb, la revue géopolitique . Accessed January 12, 2014. http://www.diploweb.com/english/romania/durandin1.htm
  • Durandin, Catherine . 2003. Le Cia En Guerre [ The Cia at War ]. Paris: Grancher.
  • Ebon, Martin . 1994. KGB – Death and Rebirth . Westport, CT : Praeger.
  • Eyal, Jonathan . 1992. “Romanian Soviet Relations.” In The End of the Outer Empire, Soviet-East European Relations in Transition, 1985–90 , edited by Alex Pravda , 185–204. London: Sage.
  • Federal Research Division . 2004. Romania a Country Study . Whitefish, MO : Kessinger Publishing, LLC.
  • Funderburk, David B . 1987. Pinstripes and Reds, An American Ambassador Caught between the State Department and the Romanian Communists . Washington, DC ; Selous Foundation.
  • Gabanyi, Ute in Sabina Fati . 2011. “FMI a vrut să-i sărăcească pe români înainte de ‘89, pentru a-i scoate în stradă” [“IMF Wanted to Impoverish Romanians before ‘89 in Order to Get them Out on the Streets”]. Romania Libera , November 21.
  • Georgescu, Alina-Alexandra . 2004. “Romanian Foreign Policy Change, From Isolation to Dependence (1989–1994).” Paper presented at the EFPU Research student conference on European Foreign Policy, on July 2, 2004, London School of Economics – Department of Foreign International Relations.
  • Gorbachev, Mikhail . 1996. Memoirs . London: Doubleday.
  • Hall, Richard A . 1997. “Rewriting the Revolution, Authoritarian Regime-State Relations and the Triumph of Securitate Revisionism in Post-Ceauşescu Romania.” PhD diss., Indiana University.
  • Hall, Richard A. 1999. “The Uses of Absurdity: the Staged War Theory and the Romanian Revolution of December 1989.” East European Politics and Societies 13 (3): 501–542.10.1177/0888325499013003003
  • Hall, Richard A . 2002. “The Securitate Roots of a Modern Romanian Fairy Tale, The Press, the Former Securitate, and the Historiography of December 1989.” Radio Free Europe – “East European Perspectives” 4: 7–9.
  • Hall, Richard A . 2005. The 1989 Romanian Revolution as Geopolitical Parlor Game, Brandstatter’s “Checkmate” Documentary and the Latest Wave in a Sea of Revisionism . Accessed January 12, 2014. http://homepage.mac.com/khallbobo/RichardHall/pubs/checkmate040405html
  • Hall, Richard A . 2013. “The Dynamics of Media Independence in Post-Ceauşescu Era.” In Post-Communism and the Media in Eastern Europe , edited by Patrick O’Neill , 102–123. New York, NY : Routledge.
  • Knight, Amy W. 1988. The KGB, Police and Politics in the Soviet Union . Boston, MA : Unwin Hyman.
  • Lévesque, Jacques . 1997. The Enigma of 1989 – the Ussr and the Liberation of Eastern Europe . Berkeley, CA : University of California Press.
  • Linden, Carl A . 1983. “Romanian Foreign Policy in the 1980s, Domestic – Foreign Policy Linkages.” In Domestic Policy in Eastern Europe in the 1980s, Trends and Prospects , edited by Sharon L. Wolchik and Michael J. Sodaro , 47–80. New York, NY : St. Martin’s Press.
  • Manu, Florel . 2010. “Armata Română, Împotriva Lui Militaru” [“The Romanian Army against Militaru”]. Adevarul , March 17.
  • Mihai, Florin . 2010. “Spionul Militaru, Înlocuit Prin Răzmeria Cadrelor” [“The Spy Militaru Replaced through a Mutiny”]. Jurnalul National , February 19.
  • Mitrokhin, Vasili , and Christopher Andrew . 2000. The Mitrokhin Archive, The KGB in Europe and the West . London: Gardners Books.
  • Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina . 2007. “Cat De Revolutionara a Fost Revolutia Romana?” [“How Revolutionary Was the Romanian Revolution?”]. Revista 22 XV (881). Accessed January 12, 2014. http://www.revista22.ro/cat-de-revolutionara-a-fost-revolutia-romana-3416.html
  • Munteanu, Emil . 1990. “O Revolutie Neaprobat” [“An Unapproved Revolution”]. Romania Libera I , 3, March 12, 69–70.
  • Negru, Elena , and Gheorghe Negru . 2010. “PCM si nationalism (1965–1989): Documente adunate in cadrul programului de cercetari efectuate de catre Comisia pentru studierea si aprecierea regimului totalitar comunist din Republica Moldova’” [“Moldovan Communist Party and Nationalism (1965–1989): Documents Collected During the Research Program Carried on by the Commission for the Study and Evaluation of the Totalitarian Communist Regime from Republic of Moldova”]. Vol. 16. Destin romanesc: Chisinau.
  • Pacepa, Ion Mihai. 1988. Red Horizons . London: Heinemann.
  • Pacepa, Ion MIhai . 1993. Mostenirea Kremlinului [ Inheritance of the Kremlin ]. Bucharest: Venus.
  • Palaghia, Mihai . 2010. “Turistii Sovietici erau din Fortele Speciale ale URSS” [The Soviet Tourists were Members of the Special USSR Forces]. Adevarul , March 4, 2010.
  • Pleshakov, Constantine . 2009. There Is No Freedom without Bread!, 1989 and the Civil War That Brought Down Communism . New York, NY : Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Portocala, Radu , and Olivier Weber . 1990. “Les Cinq Actes D’une Manipulation [The Five Acts of a Manipulation].” Le Point 922 1.
  • Rado, Gino . 2011. Incursiune în istoricul instituțiilor participante la reprimarea Revoluției Române din 1989, Timișoara – Decembrie 1989 [ Journey through the History of the Institutions that Participated in the Repression of the Romanian Revolution from 1989, Timisoara – December, 1989 ]. Timisoara: Editura Memorialul Revolutiei 1989.
  • Ratesh, Nestor . 1991. Romania, The Entangled Revolution . New York, NY : Praeger.
  • Rizea, Marian . 2013. Raportul Comsiei Senatoriale Privind Actiunile Desfasurate in Revolutia Romana Din Decembrie 1989, Vol I [Report of the Senatorial Commision Regarding the Development of the Actions from the December 1989 Romanian Revolution, Vol. I]. Accessed January 12, 2014. https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B9CqWMwAnBxMZUJudWMwYnBkbEU/edit
  • Savu, Cosmin . 2011. “Ceauşescu, bancherul lumii” [“Ceauşescu, the World’s Banker”]. Report Romania’s debt. Gandul , May 9.
  • Shafir, Michael . 1990a. “Ceauşescu’s Overthrow, Popular Uprising or Moscow-Guided Conspiracy?” Radio Free Europe, Report on Eastern Europe 1 (3): 15–19.
  • Shafir, Michael . 1990b. “Preparing for the Future by Revising the Past.” Radio Free Europe, Report on Eastern Europe I (41): 29–42.
  • Shevardnadze, Eduard . 1994. “Letter from Shevardnadze to Gorbachev about the Romanian Crisis.” Roy Rosenzweig Center for History & New Media - Making the History of 1989, #529; Source: Diplomaticheskii vestnik 21/22 (Nov. ): 74–79.
  • Siani-Davies, Peter . 2005. The Romanian Revolution of December 1989 . Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press.
  • Socor, Vladimir . 1976. “The Limits of National Independence in the Soviet Bloc, Romania’s Foreign Policy Reconsidered.” Orbis 20 (3): 701–732.
  • Stanciu, Cezar . 2008. “Europeans against Europe, The Practice of Foreign Isolationism and Seclusion in Stalinist Romania.” Slovo 20 1 (1), 17–32.
  • Stark, David , and Laszlo Bruszt . 1998. Postsocialist Pathways, Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stoenescu, Alex Mihai . 2004. Istoria Loviturilor De Stat in Romania, Vol. 4, Revolutia Din Decembrie 1989, O Tragedie Romaneasca ” [“The History of the Political Coups in Romania, Vol 4, the December 1989 Revolution”]. Bucharest: RAO.
  • Suvorov, Victor . 1984. Inside Soviet Military Intelligence . London: MacMillan Publishing Company.
  • Suvorov, Victor . 1988. Spetsnaz: The Inside Story of the Soviet Special Forces . New York, NY : W.W, Norton and Company.
  • Szaszdi, Lajos . 2008. Russian Civil-Military Relations and the Origins of the Second Chechen War . Lanham, MD : University Press of America.
  • Tass Report . 2015. “Lithuanian Communist Party Declares Independence.” Roy Rosenzweig Center for History & New Media – Making the History of 1989 . Item #392. Accessed May 08, 2015. https://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/392
  • Teodorescu, Filip . 1992. Un Risc Asumat, Timisoara, Decembrie 1989 [ An Assumed Risk, Timisoara, December 1989 ]. Bucharest: Viitorul Romanesc.
  • Trimble, Jeff . 1997, February. “Spreading the Word, The Kgb’s Image-Building under Gorbachev.” Discussion Paper P D-24, Harvard University – The Joan Shorenstein Center.
  • Watts, Larry L. 2007. “Control and Overisight of Security Intelligence in Romania.” In Democratic Control of Intelligence Services , edited by Hans and Maria Caparini Born , 47–82. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Watts, Larry L. 2015. “Romanian Revolution December 1989 (III): Pitfalls of Testimony as Evidence.” Accessed May 13, 2015. http://larrylwatts.blogspot.com.es/2015/04/romanian-revolution-december-1989-iii.html
  • Weiner, Robert . 1984. Romanian Foreign Policy and the United Nations . New York, NY : Praeger.
  • Wilton, John . 1997. “Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe Post 1985, “Sinatra Doctrine” or “Mozart Doctrine”?” Politologicka Revue 1 (2): 87–98.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.