The dual effect of context on memory of related and unrelated themes: Discrimination at encoding and cue at retrieval

REFERENCES

• Abeles , P. and Morton , J. 1999 . Avoiding misinformation: Reinstating target modality . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology , 52A : 581 – 592 .
   Google Scholar
• Ausubel , D. P. 1962 . A subsumption theory of meaningful verbal learning and retention . Journal of General Psychology , 66 : 213 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayen , U. J. and Murnane , K. 1996 . Aging and the use of perceptual and temporal information in source memory tasks . Psychology & Aging , 11 : 293 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainerd , C. J. , Reyna , V. F. and Estrada , S. 2006 . Recollection rejection of false narrative statements . Memory , 14 : 672 – 691 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , S. G. and Craik , F. J. M. 2000 . “ Encoding and retrieval of information ” . In The Oxford handbook of memory , Edited by: Tulving , E. and Craik , F. I. M. 93 – 108 . Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , G. I. , Marsh , R. L. and Hicks , J. L. 2006 . The role of recollection and familiarity in the context variability mirror effect . Memory & Cognition , 34 : 240 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrêa , M. S. , Balardin , J. B. , Caldieraro , M. A. , Fleck , M. P. , Argimon , I. Luz , C. 2012 . Contextual recognition memory deficits in major depression are suppressed by cognitive support at encoding . Biological Psychology , 89 : 293 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallett , K. and Wilcox , G. 1968 . Contextual stimuli and proactive inhibition . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 78 : 475 – 480 .
   Google Scholar
• Dewhurst , S. A. and Knott , L. M. 2010 . Investigating the encoding-retrieval match in recognition memory: Effects of experimental design, specificity, and retention interval . Memory & Cognition , 38 : 1101 – 1109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhooge , E. and Hartsuiker , R. J. 2011 . The distractor frequency effect in a delayed picture–word interference task: Further evidence for a late locus of distractor exclusion . Psychonomic Bulletin Review , 18 : 116 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl , R. L. , Lotto , A. J. and Holt , L. L. 2004 . Speech perception . Annual Review of Psychology , 55 : 149 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckert , E. , Kanak , N. J. and Stevens , R. 1984 . Memory for frequency as a function of environmental context . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 22 : 507 – 510 .
   Google Scholar
• Eich , E. and Macaulay , D. 2000 . Are real moods required to reveal mood-congruent and mood-dependent memory? . Psychological Science , 11 : 244 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eich , J. E. 1980 . The cue-dependent nature of state-dependent retrieval . Memory & Cognition , 8 : 157 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einstein , G. O. and Hunt , R. R. 1980 . Levels of processing and organization: Additive effects of individualitem and relational processing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 6 : 588 – 598 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , S. A. , Hashtroudi , S. and Johnson , M. K. 1992 . Age differences in using source-relevant cues . Psychology & Aging , 7 : 443 – 452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez , A. and Alonso , M. A. 2001 . The relative value of environmental context reinstatement in free recall . Psicologica , 22 : 253 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Garry , M. , Manning , C. G. , Loftus , E. F. and Sherman , S. J. 1996 . Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 3 : 208 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiselman , R. E. and Crawley , J. M. 1983 . Incidental processing of speaker characteristics: Voice as connotative . Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior , 22 : 15 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Godden , D. and Baddeley , A. 1975 . Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater . British Journal of Psychology , 66 : 325 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , E. B. 2008 . Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research, and everyday experience , 2nd ed , Belmont , CA : Thomson Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Hertel , P. T. 1985 . Isolation and adaptation in passage memory . Discourse Processes , 8 : 75 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockley , W. E. 2008 . The effects of environmental context on recognition memory and claims to remembering . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 34 : 1412 – 1429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , R. R. and McDaniel , M. A. 1993 . The enigma of organization and distinctiveness . Journal of Memory & Language , 32 : 421 – 445 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman , I. E. and Pentland , J. 1996 . The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories . Journal of Memory & Language , 35 : 101 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanak , N. J. and Stevens , R. 1992 . PI and RI in serial learning as a function of environmental context . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 6 : 589 – 606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellogg , R. T. 2001 . Presentation modality and mode of recall in verbal false memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 27 : 913 – 919 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessels , R. P. , Hobbel , D. and Postma , A. 2007 . Aging, context memory and binding: a comparison of “what, where and when” in young and older adults . International Journal of Neuroscience , 117 : 795 – 810 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane , S. M. and Zaragoza , M. S. 1995 . The recollective experience of cross-modality confusion errors . Memory & Cognition , 23 : 607 – 610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy-Gigi , E. , Kelemen , O. , Gluck , M. A. and Kéri , S. 2011 . Impaired context reversal learning, but not cue reversal learning, in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment . Neuropsychologia , 49 : 3320 – 3326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy-Gigi , E. and Vakil , E. 2010 . Developmental differences in the impact of contextual factors on susceptibility to retroactive interference . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 105 : 51 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay , D. S. , Allen , B. P. , Chan , J. C. K. and Dahl , L. C. 2004 . Eyewitness suggestibility and source similarity: Intrusions of details from one event into memory reports of another event . Journal of Memory & Language , 50 : 96 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay , D. S. and Johnson , M. K. 1991 . Recognition memory and source monitoring . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 29 : 203 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Macken , W. J. 2002 . Environmental context and recognition: The role of recollection and familiarity . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 28 : 153 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , C. M. 1991 . Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review . Psychological Bulletin , 109 : 163 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzger , R. L. , Boschee , P. F. , Haugen , T. and Schnobrich , B. L. 1979 . The classroom as learning context: Changing rooms affects performance . Journal of Educational Psychology , 71 : 440 – 442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , G. A. 1999 . On knowing a word . Annual Review of Psychology , 50 : 1 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , C. D. , Bransford , J. D. and Franks , J. J. 1977 . Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 16 : 519 – 533 .
   Google Scholar
• Moscovitch , M. and Craik , F. I. M. 1976 . Depth of processing, retrieval cues, and uniqueness of encoding as factors in recall . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 15 : 447 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Mulligan , N. W. and Lozito , J. P. 2006 . An asymmetry between memory encoding and retrieval. Revelation, generation, and transfer-appropriate processing . Psychological Science , 17 : 7 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnane , K. and Phelps , M. P. 1994 . When does a different environmental context make a difference in recognition? A global activation model . Memory & Cognition , 22 : 584 – 590 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnane , K. and Phelps , M. P. 1995 . Effects of changes in relative cue strength on context-dependent recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 21 : 158 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnane , K. , Phelps , M. and Malmberg , K. 1999 . Context-dependent recognition memory: The ICE theory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 128 : 403 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , D. L. , Reed , U. S. and Walling , J. R. 1976 . Picture superiority effect . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory , 2 : 523 – 528 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paivio , A. 1971 . Imagery and verbal processes , New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Paivio , A. 1986 . Mental representations: A dual-coding approach , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pezdek , K. and Greene , J. 1993 . Testing eyewitness memory: Developing a measure that is more resistant to suggestibility . Law & Human Behavior , 17 : 361 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyna , V. F. and Lloyd , F. 1997 . Theories of false memory in children and adults . Learning & Individual Differences , 9 : 95 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , S. J. and Rollings , L. J. 2011 . The effect of mood-context on visual recognition and recall memory . The Journal of General Psychology , 138 : 66 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford , A. 2000 . The ability of familiarity, disruption, and the relative strength of nonenvironmental context cues to explain unreliable environmental-context-dependent memory effects in free recall . Memory & Cognition , 28 : 1419 – 1428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahakyan , L. , Delaney , P. F. and Goodmon , L. B. 2008 . Oh, honey, I already forgot that: Strategic control of directed forgetting in older and younger adults . Psychology and Aging , 23 : 621 – 633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahakyan , L. and Kelley , C. M. 2002 . A contextual change account of the directed forgetting effect . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 28 : 1064 – 1072 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai , T. , Isarida , T. K. and Isarida , T. 2010 . Context-dependent effects of background colour in free recall with spatially grouped words . Memory , 18 : 743 – 753 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafir , E. , Simonson , I. and Tversky , A. 1993 . Reason-based choice . Cognition , 49 : 11 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev , L. and Algom , D. 2000 . Stroop and Garner effects in and out of Posner's beam: Reconciling two conceptions of selective attention . ournal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 26 : 997 – 1017 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , S. M. 1979 . Remembering in and out of context . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 5 : 460 – 471 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , S. M. 1986 . Environmental context-dependent recognition memory using a short-term memory task for input . Memory & Cognition , 14 : 347 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , S. M. 2007 . “ Context and human memory ” . In Science of memory: Concepts , Edited by: Roediger , III H. L. , Dudai , Y. and Fitzpatrick , S. M. 111 – 114 . Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , S. M. and Vela , E. 2001 . Environmental context-dependent memory: A review and meta-analysis . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 8 : 203 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. and Thomson , D. M. 1973 . Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory . Psychological Review , 80 : 352 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakil , E. , Hornik , C. and Levy , D. A. 2008 . Conceptual and perceptual similarity between encoding and retrieval contexts and recognition memory context effects in older and younger adults . The Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 63 : 171 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Vakil , E. , Melamed , M. and Even , N. 1996 . Direct and indirect measures of contextual information: Older versus young adult subjects . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 3 : 30 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakil , E. , Raz , T. and Levy , D. A. 2007 . Multifactorial context effects on visual recognition memory . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 60 : 916 – 923 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakil , E. , Raz , T. and Levy , D.A. 2010 . Probing the brain substrates of cognitive processes responsible for context effects on recognition memory . Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition , 17 : 519 – 544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar