Accurate, inaccurate and omitted details in collective emotional memories: The case of Itzhak Rabin's assassination

REFERENCES

• Anderson , S. J. , Cohen , G. and Taylor , S. 2000 . Rewriting the past: Some factors affecting the variability of personal memories . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 14 : 435 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assmann , J. 1995 . Collective memory and cultural identity . New German Critique , 65 : 125 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnier , A. J. , & Sutton , J. 2008 . From individual to collective memory: Theoretical and empirical perspectives [Special issue] . Memory , 16(3) .
   Google Scholar
• Berntsen , D. and Thomsen , D. K. 2005 . Personal memories for remote historical events: Accuracy and clarity of flashbulb memories related to World War II . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 134 : 242 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumen , H. M. and Rajaram , S. 2008 . Effects of group collaboration and repeated retrieval on individual recall . Memory , 16 : 231 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon , J. N. and Symons , V. L. 1992 . “ Flashbulb memories: Confidence, consistency and quantity ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall , Edited by: Neisser , U. and Winograd , E. 65 – 91 . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , N. R. 1990 . Organization of public events in long-term memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 119 : 297 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R. and Kulik , J. 1977 . Flashbulb memories . Cognition , 5 : 73 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , A. , Heuer , F. and Reisberg , D. 1992 . Remembering emotional events . Memory and Cognition , 20 : 277 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson , S. A. and Hubinette , B. 1993 . Hands up! A study of witnesses’ emotional reactions and memories associated with bank robberies . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 7 : 365 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford , B. R. and Scott , J. 1978 . Individual and situational factors in eyewitness testimony . Journal of Applied Psychology , 63 : 352 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coluccia , E. , Bianco , C. and Brandimonte , M. A. 2006 . Dissociating veridicality, consistency, and confidence in autobiographical and event memories for the Columbia shuttle disaster . Memory , 14 : 452 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. 1995 . Flashbulb memories , Hove , , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. and Lockhart , R. S. 1972 . Levels of processing: A framework for memory research . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 11 : 671 – 684 .
   Google Scholar
• Curci , A. 2009 . “ Measurement issues in the study of flashbulb memory ” . In Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives , Edited by: Luminet , O. and Curci , A. 13 – 33 . New York , NY : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Curci , A. and Luminet , O. 2006 . Follow-up of a cross-national comparison on flashbulb and event memory for the September 11th attacks . Memory , 14 : 329 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , D. , & Loftus , E. F. 2007 . Internal and external sources of misinformation in adult witness memory . In M. P. Toglia , J. D. Read , D. F. Ross , & R. C. L. Lindsay , Handbook of eyewitness psychology: Vol. 1. Memory for events (pp. 195 – 239 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Deffenbacher , K. A. , Bornstein , B. H. , Penrod , S. D. and McGorty , E. K. 2004 . A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory . Law and Human Behavior , 28 : 687 – 706 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudai , Y. 2002 . Memory from A to Z, keywords, concepts and beyond , Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Er , N. 2003 . A new flashbulb memory model applied to the Marmara earthquake . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 17 : 503 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkenauer , C. , Luminet , O. , Gisle , L. , El-Ahmadi , A. , van der Linden , M. and Philippot , P. 1998 . Flashbulb memories and the underlying mechanisms of their formation: Toward an emotional-integrative model . Memory and Cognition , 26 : 516 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , W. J. 2004 . Time in autobiographical memory . Social Cognition , 22 : 591 – 605 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold , P. E. 1992 . “ A proposed neurological basis for regulating memory storage for significant events ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall , Edited by: Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 141 – 162 . New York , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Halbwachs , M. 1992 . On collective memory ( L. A. Coser , Trans. and ed .). Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . ( Original work published 1925 )
   Google Scholar
• Harris , C. B. , Paterson , H. M. and Kemp , R. I. 2008 . Collaborative recall and collective memory: What happens when we remember together? . Memory , 16 : 213 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuer , F. and Reisberg , D. 1990 . Vivid memories of emotional events: The accuracy of remembered minutiae . Memory and Cognition , 18 : 496 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirst , W. and Echterhoff , G. 2008 . Creating shared memories in conversation: Toward a psychology of collective memory . Social Research , 75 : 183 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirst , W. and Manier , D. 2008 . Towards a psychology of collective memory . Memory , 16 : 183 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirst , W. and Meksin , R. 2009 . “ A social-interactional approach to the retention of collective memories of flashbulb events ” . In Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives , Edited by: Luminet , O. and Curci . 206 – 225 . New York , NY : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hirst , W. , Phelps , E. A. , Buckner , R. L. , Budson , A. E. , Cuc , A. Gabrieli , J. D. E. 2009 . The long-term memory for the terrorist attack of September 11: Flashbulb memories, event memories, and the factors that influence their retention . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 138 : 161 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihlebaek , C. , Love , T. , Eilertsen , D. E. and Magnussen , S. 2003 . Memory for a staged criminal event witnessed live and on video . Memory , 11 : 319 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julian , M. , Bohannon , J. N. and Aue , W. 2009 . “ Measures of flashbulb memory: Are elaborate memories consistently accurate? ” . In Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives , Edited by: Luminet , O. and Curci , A. 99 – 122 . New York , NY : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kansteiner , W. 2002 . Finding meaning in memory: A methodological critique of collective memory studies . History and Theory , 41 : 179 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kask , K. and Bull , R. 2009 . From person descriptions to interviewing methods: What can be done to improve child witnesses’ testimonies? . Trames , 2 : 95 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensinger , E. A. , Addis , D. R. and Atapattu , R. K. 2011 . Amygdala activity at encoding corresponds with memory vividness and with memory for select episodic details . Neuropsychologia , 49 : 663 – 673 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koriat , A. and Goldsmith , M. 1996 . Monitoring and control processes in the strategic regulation of memory accuracy . Psychological Review , 103 : 490 – 517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkofsky , S. , Wang , Q. , Conway , M. A. , Hou , Y. , Aydin , C. , Mueller-Johnson , K. and Williams , H. 2011 . Cultural variation in the correlates of flashbulb memory: A study in five countries . Memory , 19 ( 3 ) : 233 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , S. F. 1992a . “ Personal context in autobiographical and narrative memories ” . In Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory , Edited by: Conway , M. A. , Rubin , D. C. , Spinnler , H. and Wagenaar , W. A. 53 – 74 . Amsterdam , , The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Larsen , S. F. 1992b . “ Potential flashbulb memories: Memories of ordinary news as the baseline ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall , Edited by: Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 33 – 65 . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lipton , J. P. 1977 . On the psychology of eyewitness testimony . Journal of Applied Psychology , 62 : 90 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus , E. F. 1996 . Eyewitness testimony , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Luminet , O. 2009 . “ Models for formation of FBMs ” . In Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives , Edited by: Luminet , O. and Curci , A. 51 – 76 . New York , NY : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Luminet , O. & Curci , A. . 2009 . Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives . New York , NY : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manier , D. and Hirst , W. 2008 . “ A cognitive taxonomy of collective memories ” . In Cultural memory studies: An international and interdisciplinary handbook , Edited by: Erll , A. , Nunning , A. and Young , S. B. 253 – 262 . Berlin , , Germany : Walter de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• McKoon , G. , Ratcliff , R. and Dell , G. S. 1986 . A critical evaluation of the semantic-episodic distinction . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 12 : 108 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meissner , C. A. , Sporer , S. L. and Schooler , J. W. 2007 . “ Person descriptions as eyewitness evidence ” . In Handbook of eyewitness psychology: Memory for people , Edited by: Lindsay , R. , Ross , D. , Read , J. and Toglia , M. 3 – 34 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Nachson , I. and Zelig , A. 2003 . Flashbulb and factual memories: The case of Rabin's assassination . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 17 : 519 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal , A. G. 2005 . National trauma and collective memory , 2nd ed , Armonk , NY : M. E. Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• Neiger , M. , Meyers , O. , & Zandberg , E. . 2011 . On media memory: Collective memory in a new media age . London , , UK : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. and Harsch , N. 1992 . “ Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about Challenger ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall , Edited by: Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 9 – 32 . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Neuman , W. R. 1976 . Patterns of recall among television news viewers . Public Opinion Quarterly , 40 : 115 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odinot , G. , Wolters , G. and Van Koppen , P. J. 2008 . Eyewitness memory of a super- market robbery: Accuracy and confidence after 3 months . Law and Human Behavior , 33 : 506 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. 1997 . “ Introduction ” . In Collective memory of political events: Social psychological perspectives , Edited by: Pennebaker , J. W. , Paez , D. and Rime , B. Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Pezdek , K. 2003 . Event memory and autobiographical memory for events of September 11, 2001 . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 17 : 1033 – 1045 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillemer , D. B. 2001 . Momentous events and the life story . Review of General Psychology , 5 : 123 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Read , J. D. , & Connolly , D. A. 2007 . The effects of delay on long-term memory for witnessed events . In M. P. Toglia , J. D. Read , D. F. Ross , & R. C. L. Lindsay , Handbook of eyewitness psychology: Vol. 1. Memory for events (pp. 117 – 157 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Reese , E. and Fivush , R. 2008 . Collective memory across the lifespan . Memory , 16 : 201 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisberg , D. , & Heuer , F. 2007 . The influence of emotion on memory in forensic settings . In M. P. Toglia , J. D. Read , D. F. Ross , & R. C. L. Lindsay , Handbook of eyewitness psychology: Vol. 1. Memory for events (pp. 116 – 181 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. C. and Kozin , M. 1984 . Vivid memories . Cognition , 16 : 81 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro , L. 2006 . Remembering September 11th: The role of retention interval and rehearsal on flashbulb and event memory . Memory , 14 : 129 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharps , M. J. , Janigian , J. , Hess , A. B. and Hayward , B. 2009 . Eyewitness memory in context: Toward a taxonomy of eyewitness error . Journal of Criminal Psychology , 24 : 44 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M. C. , Bibi , U. and Sheard , D. E. 2003 . Evidence for the differential impact of time and emotion on personal and event memories for September 11, 2001 . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 17 : 1047 – 1055 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporer , S. L. 1992 . Post-dicting eyewitness accuracy: Confidence, decision-times and person descriptions of choosers and non-choosers . European Journal of Social Psychology , 22 : 157 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talarico , J. M. , LaBar , K. S. and Rubin , D. C. 2004 . Emotional intensity predicts autobiographical memory experience . Memory and Cognition , 32 : 1118 – 1132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talarico , J. M. and Rubin , D. C. 2009 . “ Flashbulb memories result from ordinary memory processes and extraordinary event characteristics ” . In Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives , Edited by: Luminet , O. and Curci . 79 – 97 . New York , NY : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tekcan , A. I. , Ece , B. , Gulgoz , S. and Er , N. 2003 . Autobiographical and event memory for 9/11: Changes across one year . Cognitive Psychology , 17 : 1057 – 1066 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tickner , A. H. and Poulton , E. C. 1975 . Watching for people and actions . Ergonomics , 18 : 35 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toglia , M. P. , Read , J. D. , Ross , D. F. , & Lindsay , R. C. L. . 2007 . Handbook of eyewitness psychology: Vol. 1. Memory for events . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Wagenaar , W. A. 1986 . My memory: A study of autobiographical memory over six years . Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 225 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagstaff , G. F. , Macveigh , J. , Boston , R. , Scott , L. , Brunas-Wagstaff , J. and Cole , J. 2003 . Can laboratory findings on eyewitness testimony be generalized to the real world? An archival analysis of the influence of violence, weapon presence, and age on eyewitness accuracy . Journal of Psychology , 137 : 17 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrington , E. K. and Silberstein , M. 1970 . A questionnaire technique for investigating very long term memory . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 22 : 508 – 512 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertsch , J. V. and Roediger , H. L. III . 2008 . Collective memory: Conceptual foundations and theoretical approaches . Memory , 16 : 318 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westmacott , R. and Moscovitch , M. 2003 . The contribution of autobiographical experience to semantic memory . Memory and Cognition , 31 : 761 – 774 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winograd , E. , & Neisser , U. . 1992 . Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Woolnough , P. S. and MacLeod , M. D. 2001 . Watching the birdie watching you: Eyewitness memory for actions using CCTV recordings of actual crimes . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 15 : 395 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaron-Antar , A. and Nachson , I. 2006 . Collaborative remembering of emotional events: The case of Rabin's assassination . Memory , 14 : 46 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuille , J. C. and Cutshall , J. L. 1986 . A case study of eyewitness memory of crime . Journal of Applied Psychology , 71 : 291 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar