584
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited Review

More to it than meets the eye: how eye movements can elucidate the development of episodic memory

&

References

  • Achim, A. M., & Lepage, M. (2005). Episodic memory-related activation in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 500–509. Retrieved from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/bjprcpsych/187/6/500.full.pdf doi: 10.1192/bjp.187.6.500
  • Althoff, R. R., Maciukenas, M., & Cohen, N. J. (1993). Indirect assessment of memory using eye movement monitoring. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 19, 439.
  • Aslin, R. N. (2012). Infant eyes: A window on cognitive development. Infancy, 17, 126–140. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00097.x
  • Bachevalier, J., & Nemanic, S. (2008). Memory for spatial location and object-place associations are differently processed by the hippocampal formation, parahippocampal areas TH/TF and perirhinal cortex. Hippocampus, 18, 64–80. doi:10.1002/hipo
  • Bachevalier, J., & Vargha-Khadem, F. (2005). The primate hippocampus: Ontogeny, early insult and memory. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 168–174. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.015
  • Bauer, P. J. (2006). Constructing a past in infancy: A neuro-developmental account. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 175–181. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.02.009
  • Bauer, P. J. (2007). Remembering the times of our lives: Memory in infancy and beyond. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
  • Bauer, P. J., Hertsgaard, L. A., Dropik, P., & Daly, B. P. (1998). When even arbitrary order becomes important: Developments in reliable temporal sequencing of arbitrarily ordered events. Memory, 6, 165–198. doi: 10.1080/741942074
  • Bauer, P. J., & Leventon, J. S. (2013). Memory for one-time experiences in the second year of life: Implications for the status of episodic memory. Infancy, 5, 755–781. doi:10.1111/infa.12005
  • Bauer, P. J., San Souci, P., & Pathman, T. (2010). Infant memory. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1, 267–277.
  • Baym, C. L., Khan, N. A., Monti, J. M., Raine, L. B., Drollette, E. S., Moore, R. D., … Cohen, N. J. (2014). Dietary lipids are differentially associated with hippocampal-dependent relational memory in prepubescent children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 99(5), 1026–1032. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.079624
  • Blue, S. N., Kazama, A. M., & Bachevalier, J. (2013). Development of memory for spatial locations and object/place associations in infant rhesus macaques with and without neonatal hippocampal lesions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(10), 1053–1064. doi:10.1017/S1355617713000799
  • Brainerd, C. J., Holliday, R. E., & Reyna, V. F. (2004). Behavioral measurement of remembering phenomenologies: So simple a child can do it. Child Development, 75, 505–522. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00689.x
  • Brewer, W. J., Francey, S. M., Wood, S. J., Jackson, H. J., Pantelis, C., Phillips, L. J., … McGorry, P. D. (2005). Memory impairments identified in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who later develop first-episode psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 71–78. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.71
  • Carver, L. J., Bauer, P. J., & Nelson, C. A. (2000). Associations between infant brain activity and recall memory. Developmental Science, 3, 234–246. doi: 10.1111/1467-7687.00116
  • Chua, E. F., & Solinger, L. A. (2015) Building metamemorial knowledge over time: Insights from eye tracking about the bases of feeling-of-knowing and confidence judgments. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–15. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01206
  • Cohen, N. J., & Eichenbaum, H. (1993). Memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal system. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Courage, M. L., & Howe, M. L. (2002). From infant to child: The dynamics of cognitive change in the second year of life. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 250–277. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.250
  • Davachi, L. (2006). Item, context and relational episodic encoding in humans. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 16, 693–700. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2006.10.012
  • DeMaster, D., Pathman, T., Lee, J. K., & Ghetti, S. (2014). Structural development of the hippocampus and episodic memory: Developmental differences along the anterior/posterior axis. Cerebral Cortex, 24, 3036–3045. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht160
  • Edgin, J. O., Spano, G., Kawa, K., & Nadel, L. (2014). Remembering things without context: Development matters. Child Development, 85, 1491–1502. doi:10.1111/cdev.12232
  • Fagan, J. F. (1970). Memory in the infant. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 9, 217–226. doi: 10.1016/0022-0965(70)90087-1
  • Fivush, R., Haden, C., & Adam, S. (1995). Structure and coherence of preschoolers’ personal narratives over time: Implications of childhood amnesia. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 60, 32–56. doi: 10.1006/jecp.1995.1030
  • Friedman, W. J. (1989). The representation of time structures in children, adolescents and adults. In I. Levin, & D. Zakay (Eds.), Psychological time: A life span perspective (pp. 259–304). Amsterdam: North Holland.
  • Friedman, W. J. (1993). Memory for the time of past events. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 44–66. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.44
  • Friedman, W. J. (2007). The development of temporal metamemory. Child Development, 78, 1472–1491. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01078.x
  • Friedman, W. J., & Lyon, T. D. (2005). The development of temporal-reconstructive abilities. Child Development, 76, 1202–1216. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00844.x-i1
  • Friedman, W. J., Reese, E., & Dai, X. (2011). Children's memory for the times of events from the past years. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 156–165. doi: 10.1002/acp.1656
  • Fujimichi, R., Naya, Y., Koyano, K. W., Takeda, M., Takeuchi, D., & Miyashita, Y. (2010). Unitized representation of paired objects in area 35 of the macaque perirhinal cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 659–667. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07320.x
  • Ghetti, S., & Angelini, L. (2008). The development of recollection and familiarity in childhood and adolescence: Evidence from the dual-process signal detection model. Child Development, 79, 339–358. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01129.x
  • Ghetti, S., & Bunge, S. (2012). Neural changes underlying the development of episodic memory during middle childhood. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2(4), 381–395. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.05.002
  • Ghetti, S., & Lee, J. (2011). Children's episodic memory. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2(4), 365–373. doi:10.1002/wcs.114
  • Ghetti, S., Mirandola, C., Angelini, L., Corndoli, C., & Ciaramelli, E. (2011). Development of subjective recollection: Understanding of and introspection on memory states. Child Development, 82, 1954–1969. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01645.x
  • Gilmore, J. H., Shi, F., Woolson, S., Knickmeyer, R. C., Short, S. J., Lin, W., & Shen, D. (2012). Longitudinal development of cortical and subcortical gray matter from birth to 2 years. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 2478–2485. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr327
  • Goldinger, S. D., & Papesh, M. H. (2012). Pupil dilation reflects the creation and retrieval of memories. Psychological Science, 21, 90–95. doi: 10.1177/0963721412436811
  • Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The development of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 748–769. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.748
  • Hannula, D. E., Althoff, R. R., Warren, D. E., Riggs, L., Cohen, N. J., & Ryan, J. D. (2010). Worth a glance: Using eye movements to investigate the cognitive neuroscience of memory. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 166. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00166
  • Hannula, D. E., Baym, C. L., Warren, D. E., & Cohen, N. J. (2012). The eyes know: Eye movements as a veridical index of memory. Psychological Science, 23, 278–287. doi: 10.1177/0956797611429799
  • Hannula, D. E., & Ranganath, C. (2009). The eyes have it: Hippocampal activity predicts expression of memory in eye movements. Neuron, 63(5), 592–599. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.025
  • Hannula, D. E., Ryan, J. D., Tranel, D., & Cohen, N. J. (2007). Rapid onset relational memory effects are evident in eye movement behavior, but not in hippocampal amnesia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1690–1705. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.10.1690
  • Haskins, A. L., Yonelinas, A. P., Quamme, J. R., & Ranganath, C. (2008) Perirhinal cortex supports encoding and familiarity-based recognition of novel associations. Neuron, 59, 554–560. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.035
  • Hayhoe, M. M., Bensinger, D. G., & Ballard, D. H. (1997). Task constraints in visual working memory. Vision Research, 38, 125–137. doi: 10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00116-8
  • Hayne, H., Boniface, J., & Barr, R. (2000). The development of declarative memory in human infants: Age-related changes in deferred imitation. Behavioral Neuroscience, 114, 77–83. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.114.1.77
  • Henderson, J. M., & Hollingsworth, A. (2003). Eye movements and visual memory: Detecting changes to saccade targets in scenes. Perception & Psychophysics, 65, 58–71. doi: 10.3758/BF03194783
  • Holm, L., Eriksson, J., & Andersson, L. (2008). Looking as if you know: Systematic object inspection precedes object recognition. Journal of Vision, 8, 1–7. doi: 10.1167/8.4.14
  • Howe, M. L. (2011). The nature of early memory: An adaptive theory of the genesis and development of memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Howe, M. L. (2015). Memory development. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (7th edition), L. S. Liben and U. Müller (Volume Eds.), Volume 2: Cognitive processes (pp. 203–249). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Konkel, A., & Cohen, N. J. (2009). Relational memory and the hippocampus: Representations and methods. Frontiers of Human Neuroscience, 2, 166–174. doi: 10.3389/neuro.01.023.2009
  • Koski, J., Olson, I. R., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013). Tracking the eyes to see what children remember. Memory, 21(3), 396–407. doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.735241
  • Krichhoff, B. A. (2009). Individual differences in episodic memory: The role of self-initiated encoding strategies. Neuroscientist, 15, 166–179. doi: 10.1177/1073858408329507
  • Kumaran, D., & Wagner A. D. (2009). It's in my eyes, but it doesn't look that way to me. Neuron, 63, 561–563. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.027
  • Lavenex, P., & Lavenex, P. B. (2013). Building hippocampal circuits to learn and remember: Insights into the development of human memory. Behavioural Brain Research, 254, 8–21. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.007
  • Lee, J. K., Wendelken, C., Bunge, S. A., & Ghetti, S. (2016). A time and a place for everything: Developmental differences in the building blocks of episodic memory. Child Development, 87, 194–210. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12447
  • Levine, B., Black, S. E., Cabeza, R., Sinden, M., Mcintosh, A. R., Toth, J. P., … Stuss, D. T. (1998). Episodic memory and the self in a case of isolated retrograde amnesia. Brain, 121, 1951–1973. doi: 10.1093/brain/121.10.1951
  • Lloyd, M. E., Doydum, A. O., & Newcombe, N. S. (2009). Memory binding in early childhood: Evidence for a retrieval deficit. Child Development, 80(5), 1321–1328. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01353.x
  • Lukowski, A. F., Wiebe, S. A., & Bauer, P. J. (2009). Going beyond the specifics: Generalizations of single actions, but not temporal order, at nine months. Infant Behavior and Development, 32, 331–335. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.02.004
  • Marcovitch, S., & Lewkowicz, D. J. (2004). U-shaped functions: Artifact or hallmark of development? Journal of Cognition and Development, 5, 113–118. doi: 10.1207/s15327647jcd0501_10
  • Metcalfe, J., & Dunlosky, J. (2008). Metamemory. In H. L. Roediger, III (Ed.), Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference (pp. 349–362). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Monti, J. M., Hillman, C. H., & Cohen, N. J. (2012). Aerobic fitness enhances relational memory in preadolescent children: The FITKids randomized control trial. Hippocampus, 22(9), 1876–1882. doi:10.1002/hipo.22023
  • Morris, R. G., Garrud, P., Rawlins, J. N., & O'Keefe, J. (1982). Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions. Nature, 297, 681–683. doi: 10.1038/297681a0
  • Mullaly, S. L., & Maguire, E. A. (2014). Learning to remember: The early ontogeny of episodic memory. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 12–29. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2013.12.006
  • Nelson, K., & Fivush, R. (2004). The emergence of autobiographical memory: A social cultural developmental theory. Psychological Review, 111, 486–511. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.111.2.486
  • Nelson, T. O., & Narens L. (1990). Metamemory: A theoretical framework and new findings. In G. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, advances in research and theory (pp. 125–173). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Newcombe, N. S., Balcomb, F., Ferrara, K., Hansen, M., & Koski, J. (2014). Two rooms, two representations? Episodic-like memory in toddlers and preschoolers. Developmental Science, 17, 743–756. doi: 10.1111/desc.12162
  • Nickel, A. E., Henke, K., & Hannula, D. E. (2015). Relational memory is evident in eye movement behavior despite the use of subliminal testing methods. PLOS ONE, 10, 1–27. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141677
  • O'Keefe, J., & Nadel, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map (Vol. 3, pp. 483–484). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Olsen, R. K., Lee, Y., Kube, J., Rosenbaum, R. S., Grady, C. L., Moscovitch, M., & Ryan, J. D. (2015). The role of relational binding in item memory: Evidence from face recognition in a case of developmental amnesia. The Journal of Neuroscience, 35(13), 5342–5350. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3987-14.2015
  • Olsen, R. K., Moses, S. N., Riggs, L., & Ryan, J. D. (2012). The hippocampus supports multiple cognitive processes through relational binding and comparison. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 146. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00146
  • Olson, I. R., & Newcombe, N. S. (2014). Binding together the elements of episodes: Relational memory and the developmental trajectory of the hippocampus. In P. J. Bauer, & R. Fivush (Eds.), Handbook on the development of children's memory, Vol. 1 (pp. 285–308). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • O'Sullivan, J. T., & Howe, M. L. (1998). A different view of metamemory with illustrations from children's beliefs about long-term retention. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 13, 9–28. doi: 10.1007/BF03172810
  • Pathman, T., Bachevalier, J., & Bauer, P. J. (2011). What the eyes tell us about relations: A human and non-human comparative approach. In K. A. Snyder (Chair), Constructing a past: The emergence and development of hippocampal-dependent relational memory binding. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Montreal, QC.
  • Pathman, T., Doydum, A., & Bauer, P. J. (2013). Bringing order to life events: Memory for the temporal order of autobiographical events over an extended period in school-aged children and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 115, 309–325. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.01.011
  • Pathman, T., & Ghetti, S. (2014). The eyes know time: A novel paradigm to reveal the development of temporal memory. Child Development, 85(2), 792–807. doi:10.1111/cdev.12152
  • Pathman, T., & Ghetti, S. (2015). Eye movements provide an index of veridical memory for temporal order. PLOS ONE, 10(5), e0125648. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125648
  • Pathman, T., Samson, Z., Dugas, K., Cabeza, R., & Bauer, P. J. (2011). A “snapshot” of declarative memory: Differing developmental trajectories in episodic and autobiographical memory. Memory, 19, 825–835. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2011.613839
  • Pathman, T., & St. Jacques, P. S. (2014). Locating events in personal time: Time in autobiography. In P. J. Bauer, & R. Fivush (Eds.), Wiley-Blackwell handbook on the development of children's memory (pp. 408–426). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Paulus, M., Proust, J., & Sodian, B. (2013). Examining implicit metacognition in 3.5-year-old children: An eye-tracking and pupillometric study. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1–7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00145
  • Picard, L., Cousin, S., Guillery-Girard, B., Eustache, F., & Piolino, P. (2012). How do the different components of episodic memory develop? Role of executive functions and short-term feature-binding abilities. Child Development, 83, 1037–1050. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01736.x
  • Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 1457–1506. doi: 10.1080/17470210902816461
  • Ribordy, F., Jabès, A., Lavenex, P. B., & Lavenex, P. (2013). Development of allocentric spatial memory abilities in children from 18 months to 5 years of age. Cognitive Psychology, 66, 1–29. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.08.001
  • Richmond, J., & Nelson, C. A. (2009). Relational memory during infancy: evidence from eye tracking. Developmental Science, 12, 549–556. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00795.x
  • Richmond, J. L., & Power, J. (2014). Age-related differences in memory expression during infancy: Using eye-tracking to measure relational memory in 6- and 12-month-olds. Developmental Psychobiology, 56, 1341–1351. doi:10.1002/dev.21213
  • Richmond, J. L., Zhao, J. L., & Burns, M. A. (2015). What goes where ? Eye tracking reveals spatial relational memory during infancy. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 130, 79–91. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.013
  • Riggins, T. (2014). Longitudinal investigation of source memory reveals qualitative differences between item memory and binding. Developmental Psychology, 50(2), 449–459. doi: 10.1037/a0033622
  • van Rijn H., Dalenberg, J. R., Borst, J. P., & Sprenger, S. A. (2012). Pupil dilation co-varies with memory strength of individual traces in a delayed response paired-associate task. PLoS ONE, 7(12): e51134. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051134
  • Roderer, T., & Roebers, C. M. (2010). Explicit and implicit confidence judgments and developmental differences in metamemory: An eye-tracking approach. Metacognition and Learning, 5, 229–250. doi: 10.1007/s11409-010-9059-z
  • Ryals, A. J., Wang, J. X., Polnaszek, K. L., & Voss, J. (2015). Hippocampal contribution to implicit configuration memory expressed via eye movements during scene exploration. Hippocampus, 25(9), 1028–1041. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22425
  • Ryan, J. D., Althoff, R. R., Whitlow, S., & Cohen, N. J. (2000). Amnesia is a deficit in relational memory. Psychological Science, 11, 454–461. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00288
  • Ryan, J. D., Hannula, D. E., & Cohen, N. J. (2007). The obligatory effects of memory on eye movements. Memory, 15, 508–525. doi: 10.1080/09658210701391022
  • Ryan, J. D., & Villate, C. (2009). Building visual representations: The binding of relative spatial relations across time. Visual Cognition, 17, 254–272. doi: 10.1080/13506280802336362
  • Schacter D. L. (1983). Feeling-of-knowing in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 9, 39–54.
  • Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A., & Koutstaal, W. (1998). The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 289–318. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.289
  • Schneider, W., Knopf, M., & Stefanek, J. (2002). The development of verbal memory in childhood and adolescence: Findings from the Munich Longitudinal Study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 751–761. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.94.4.751
  • Simcock, G., & Hayne, H. (2003). Age-related changes in verbal and nonverbal memory during early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 39, 805–814. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.39.5.805
  • Sluzenski, J., Newcombe, N. S., & Kovacs, S. L. (2006). Binding, relational memory, and recall of naturalistic events: A developmental perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(1), 89–100. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.1.89
  • Smith, C. N., & Squire, L. R. (2008). Experience-dependent eye movements reflect hippocampus-dependent (aware) memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 12825–12833. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4542-08.2008
  • Theeuwes, J., Belopolsky, A., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2009). Interactions between working memory, attention and eye movements. Acta Psychologica, 132, 106–114. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.01.005
  • Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving, & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 381–402). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review Psychology, 53, 1–25. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114
  • Valentine, T. (1991). A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43A, 161–204. doi: 10.1080/14640749108400966
  • Van der Stigchel, S., Meeter, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2006). Eye movement trajectories and what they tell us. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 666–679. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.12.001
  • Vargha-Khadem, F., Gadian, D. G., Watkins, K. E., Connelly, a, Van Paesschen, W., & Mishkin, M. (1997). Differential effects of early hippocampal pathology on episodic and semantic memory. Science, 277(5324), 376–380. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5324.376
  • Wheeler, M. A. (2000). Episodic memory and autonoetic awareness. In E. Tulving, & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 597–608). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.