Flashbulb memories: Conceptual and methodological issues

References

• Baddeley , A. D. 1988 . “ But what the hell is it for? ” . In Practical aspects of memory , Edited by: Gruneberg , M. M. , Morris , P. M. and Sykes , R. N. Vol. 1 , 3 – 18 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Bahrick , H. P. , Bahrick , P. O. and Wittlinger , R. P. 1975 . Fifty years of memory for names and faces: A cross-sectional approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 104 : 54 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , C. 1992 . “ Memory for an early school report ” . In Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory , Edited by: Conway , M. A. , Rubin , D. C. , Spinnler , H. and Wagenaar , W. A. 151 – 165 . The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Bohannon , J. N. 1988 . Flashbulb memories for the Space Shuttle disaster: A tale of two theories . Cognition , 29 : 179 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon , J. N. and Symons , V. L. 1992 . “ Flashbulb memories: Confidence, consistency, and quantity ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , Edited by: Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 65 – 91 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , W. F. 1988 . “ Memory for randomly sampled autobiographical events ” . In Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to memory , Edited by: Neisser , U. and Winograd , E. 21 – 90 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , W. F. 1992 . “ The theoretical and empirical status of the flashbulb memory hypothesis ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , Edited by: Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 274 – 305 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , R. 1986 . Social psychology , 2nd ed. , London : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , R. and Kulik , J. 1977 . Flashbulb memories . Cognition , 5 : 73 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson , S.-Å. 1989 . Flashbulb memories: Special, but not so special . Memory & Cognition , 17 : 435 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connerton , P. 1989 . How societies remember , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. 1990 . Autobiographical memory: An introduction , Milton Keynes, , UK : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. 1993 . “ Method and meaning in memory research ” . In Memory in everyday life , Edited by: Davies , G. M. and Logie , R. H. 499 – 524 . The Netherlands : North Holland Press .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. , Anderson , S. J. , Larsen , S. F. , Donnelly , C. M. , McDaniel , M. A. , McClelland , A. G. R. , Rawles , R. E. and Logie , R. H. 1993 . The causes of flashbulb memories . Memory & Cognition , 22 : 326 – 343 .
   Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L. J. 1957 . The two disciplines of scientific psychology . American Psychologist , 12 : 671 – 684 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennett , D. C. 1984 . “ Cognitive wheels: The frame problem of Al ” . In Minds, machines and evolution: Philosophical studies , Edited by: Hookway , C. 129 – 151 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dennett , D. C. 1991 . “ A visit to the phenomenological garden ” . In Consciousness explained , Edited by: Dennett , D. C. 43 – 65 . London : Penguin books .
   Google Scholar
• De Renzi , E. , Liotti , M. and Nichelli , P. 1987 . Semantic amnesia with preservation of autobiological memory: A case report . Cortex , 23 : 575 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feynman , R. P. 1988 . “ Organizational What do you care what other people think?” . In Further adventures of a curious character , London : Bantam Books . (as told to Ralph Leighton)
   Google Scholar
• Gold , P. E. 1992 . “ A proposed neurobiological basis for regulating memory storage for significant events ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , Edited by: Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 141 – 161 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H. 1987 . Multilevel models in education and social research , London : Griffin .
   Google Scholar
• Halbwachs , M. 1980 . The collective memory , New York : Harper and Row . originally published 1950
   Google Scholar
• Howes , M. , Siegel , M. and Brown , F. 1993 . Early childhood memories: Accuracy & affect . Cognition , 47 : 95 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyland , M. 1981 . Introduction to theoretical psychology , London : MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Linton , M. 1986 . “ Ways of searching and the contents of memory ” . In Autobiographical memory , Edited by: Rubin , D. C. 50 – 67 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Loftus , E. F. 1991 . “ Made in memory: Distortions in recollection after misleading information ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 27 , 187 – 215 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCloskey , M. 1992 . “ Special versus ordinary memory mechanisms in the genesis of flashbulb memories ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , Edited by: Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 227 – 235 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCloskey , M. , Wible , C. and Cohen , N. 1988 . Is there a special flashbulb-memory mechanism? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 117 : 171 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minsky , M. A. 1985 . The society of minds , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. 1982 . “ Snapshots or benchmarks? ” . In Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts , Edited by: Neisser , U. 43 – 48 . San Francisco : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. M. “ On the creation of maintenance of collective memories ” . In Collective memories , Edited by: Paez , D. Madrid : Editorial Fundamentos . (in press) To appear in
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. M. , Colder , M. and Sharp , L. K. 1990 . Accelerating the coping process . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 : 528 – 537 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillemer , D. B. 1984 . Flashbulb memories of the assassination attempt on President Reagan . Cognition , 16 : 63 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillemer , D. B. 1992 . “ Remembering personal circumstances: A functional analysis ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , Edited by: Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 236 – 264 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. A. 1992 . “ First experience memories: Contexts and functions in personal histories ” . In Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory , Edited by: Conway , M. A. , Rubin , D. C. , Spinnler , H. and Wagenaar , W. A. 223 – 240 . The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. C. and Kozin , M. 1984 . Vivid memories . Cognition , 16 : 81 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schank , R. C. 1982 . Dynamic memory: A theory of learning in computers and people , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , S. R. 1991 . Can we have a distinctive theory of memory? . Memory & Cognition , 19 : 523 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , S. R. and Bohannon , J. N. 1988 . In defense of the flashbulb-memory hypothesis: A comment on McCloskey, Wible, and Cohen (1988) . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 117 : 332 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Schuman , H. and Converse , P. 1984 . “ The intersection of personal and natural history ” . In Cognitive aspects of survey methodology: Building a bridge between disciplines , Edited by: Jabine , T. B. , Straf , M. L. , Tanur , J. M. and Tourangeau , R. 38 – 43 . Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schuman , H. and Rieger , C. 1992a . “ Collective memory and collective memories ” . In Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory , Edited by: Conway , M. A. , Rubin , D. C. , Spinnler , H. and Wagenaar , W. A. 323 – 336 . The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Schuman , H. and Rieger , C. 1992b . Historical analogies, generational effects, and attitudes toward war . American Sociological Review , 57 : 315 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuman , H. and Scott , J. 1989 . Generations and collective memories . American Sociological Review , 54 : 351 – 381 .
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . The Astronomers: Stardust , Beverly Hills : Pacific Arts Video Publishing . [PBS Home Video]
   Google Scholar
• Wagenaar , W. A. 1986 . My memory: A study of autobiographical memory over six years . Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 225 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , C. A. III . 1993 . Do you need a “flash” to form a flashbulb memory? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 122 : 39 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehouse , H. “ Fears and flashbulbs, speeches and scripts: Cognition, emotion, and politics in Melanesian religion ” . In Fear and the control of emotion Edited by: Barnes , R. H. , Morphy , H. and Banks , M. (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Winograd , E. and Killinger , W. A. Jr. 1983 . Relating age at encoding in early childhood to adult recall: Development of flashbulb memories . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 112 : 413 – 422 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 1992 . Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , D. B. 1993 . Recall of the Hillsborough disaster over time: Systematic biases of ‘flashbulb’ memories . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 7 : 129 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , D. B. and Gaskell , G. D. 1992 . “ The construction and function of vivid memories ” . In Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory , Edited by: Conway , M. A. , Rubin , D. C. , Spinnler , H. and Wagenaar , W. A. 275 – 293 . The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , D. B. , Gaskell , G. D. and O'Muircheartaigh , C. A. Flashbulb memory assumptions: Using national surveys to explore cognitive phenomena (under review)
   Google Scholar
• Yarmey , A. D. and Bull , M. P. III . 1978 . Where were you when President Kennedy was assassinated? . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 11 : 133 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar