‘I don’t want to be distinguished by others’: language ideologies and identity construction among North Korean refugees in South Korea

References

• BBC News. (2019). Crossing divides: Two Koreas divided by a fractured language. Retrieved December 15, 2019, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47440041
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power (G. Raymond & M. Adamson, Trans.). Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Çavuşoğlu, Ç. (2019). Standard language ideologies: The case of Cypriot Turkish in Turkish schools in London. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01434632.2019.1687711
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Gu, M. (2014). From opposition to transcendence: The language practices and ideologies of students in a multilingual university. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 17(3), 310–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2013.766148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, A. D. (2018). The “ignorant” Other: Popular stereotypes of North Koreans in South Korea and East Germans in Unified Germany. In J. M. Cho & L. M. Roberts (Eds.), Transnational encounters between Germany and Korea: Affinity in culture and politics since the 1880s (pp. 195–214). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Jeon, M. (2007). Language ideologies and bilingual education: A Korean-American perspective. Language Awareness, 16(2), 114–130. https://doi.org/10.2167/la369.0
   Google Scholar
• Kang, J. W. (2011). Political uses of Confucianism in North Korea. Journal of Korean Studies, 16(1), 63–87. https://doi.org/10.1353/jks.2011.0000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanno, Y., & Norton, B. (2003). Imagined communities and educational possibilities: Introduction. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 2(4), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327701JLIE0204_1
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H., & Hocking, C. (2018). The stories of North Korean refugees settling in South Korea: Implications for South Korean educators. Multicultural Education Review, 10(3), 203–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615X.2018.1497872
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M. (2016). A North Korean defector’s journey through the identity-transformation process. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 15(1), 3–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, R. (2007). Language and national identity in the Koreas. In A. Simpson (Ed.), Language and national identity in Asia (pp. 200–235). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kroskrity, P. V. (2004). Language ideologies. In A. Duranti (Ed.), A companion to linguistic anthropology (pp. 496–517). Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Kuppens, A. H. (2013). Cultural globalization and the global spread of English: From “separate fields, similar paradigms” to a transdisciplinary approach. Globalizations, 10(2), 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2013.786259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J-e. (2015). Disciplinary citizenship in South Korean NGOs’ narratives of resettlement for North Korean refugees. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(15), 2688–2704. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1037781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, M. W. (2016). Micro language planning for refugee resettlement language support programs: The case of North Korean refugees in South Korea. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(5-6), 743–752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-016-0308-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, M. W., & Ahn, S.-H. (2016). Relocation in space, language, and identity: Dislocated North Korean undergraduates in South Korean universities. Language & Communication, 47, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2015.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, M. W., Han, M-s., & Hyun, E. R. (2016). Multilingual practices and ideologies of refugees in the neoliberal era: The case of North Korean refugee students in South Korea. Language Awareness, 25(4), 290–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2016.1216997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Unification. (2019). North Korean defectors’ recent status. Retrieved July 15, 2019, from https://www.unikorea.go.kr/unikorea/business/NKDefectorsPolicy/status/lately/
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Korean Language. (2016). 2016 survey on language awareness of North and South Korea. Retrieved July 10, 2019, from https://www.korean.go.kr/front/reportData/reportDataView.do?mn_id=207&report_seq=886&pageIndex=2
   Google Scholar
• Norton, B. (2013). Identity and language learning: Extending the conversation. Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, B., & Pavlenko, A. (2019). Imagined communities, identity, and English language learning in a multilingual world. In X. Gao (Ed.), Second handbook of English language teaching (pp. 1–16). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Park, K. (2010). People’s exit in North Korea: New threat to regime stability?Pacific Focus, 25(2), 257–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1976-5118.2010.01046.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, M. Y. (2020). “I want to learn Seoul speech!”: Language ideologies and practices among rural marriage-migrants in South Korea. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(2), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1351419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salo, N. N. P., & Dufva, H. (2018). Words and images of multilingualism: A case study of two North Korean refugees. Applied Linguistics Review, 9(2-3), 421–448. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2016-1066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein, M. (1979). Language structure and linguistic ideology. In P. R. Clyne (Ed.), The elements: A parasession on linguistic units and levels (pp. 193–247). Chicago Linguistic Society.
   Google Scholar
• Song, J. (2012). Imagined communities and language socialization practices in transnational space: A case study of two Korean “study abroad” families in the United States. The Modern Language Journal, 96(4), 507–524. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2012.01395.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, J. J. (2005). The Korean language: Structure, use and context. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Song, J. J. (2015). Language policies in North and South Korea. In L. Brown & J. Yeon (Eds.), The handbook of Korean linguistics (pp. 477–491). Wiley Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, S. X.-W., & Tan, Y.-Y. (2015). Examining the functions and identities associated with English and Korean in South Korea: A linguistic landscape study. Asian Englishes, 17(1), 59–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2015.999406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrell, J. A. (2007). Political ideology and language policy in North Korea. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 33(1), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v33i1.3545
   Google Scholar
• The Korea Times. (2017). Helping North Korean defectors overcome the language gap. Retrieved December 15, 2019, from https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/07/181_232888.html
   Google Scholar