Women’s changing domestic responsibilities in neoliberal Africa: a relational time-space analysis of Lesotho’s garment industry

References

• Adam, B.2004. Time. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• AGOA.info. 2011. “African Growth and Opportunity Act.” Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa. Accessed March 22, 2011. http://www.agoa.info/.
   Google Scholar
• Amin, S., I.Diamond, R. T.Naved, and M.Newby. 1998. “Transition to Adulthood of Female Garment-Factory Workers in Bangladesh.” Studies in Family Planning29 (2): 185–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell, N.2002. “‘Of Course We Must Be Equal, But …’: Imagining Gendered Futures in Two Rural Southern African Secondary Schools.” Geoforum33 (2): 179–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell, N.2008. “Substituting for Families? Schools and Social Reproduction in AIDS-Affected Lesotho.” Antipode40 (5): 802–824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell, N., and F.Smith. 2009. “Young People, Care and Welfare.” In Handbook of Social Geographies, edited by S.Smith, S.Marston, R.Pain, and J.-P.Jones, 351–367. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ansell, N., and L.van Blerk. 2004. “Children’s Migration as a Household/Family Strategy: Coping with AIDS in Malawi and Lesotho.” Journal of Southern African Studies30 (3)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awumbila, M., and E.Ardayfio-Schandorf. 2008. “Gendered Poverty, Migration and Livelihood Strategies of Female Porters in Accra, Ghana.” Norwegian Journal of Geography62 (3): 171–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandy, J.2000. “Bordering the Future: Resisting Neoliberalism in the Borderlands.” Critical Sociology26 (3): 232–267.
   Google Scholar
• Bastia, T.2007. “From Mining to Garment Workshops: Bolivian Migrants in Buenos Aires.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies33 (4): 655–669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boserup, E.1970. Women’s Role in Economic Development. New York: St Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J.1966/1951. Maternal care and mental health. New York: Schocken.
   Google Scholar
• Carmody, P.2002. “Between Globalisation and (Post)Apartheid: The Political Economy of Restructuring in South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies28 (2): 255–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnoy, M.1999. “The Family, Flexible Work and Social Cohesion at Risk.” International Labour Review138 (4)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chant, S.1996. “Women’s Roles in Recession and Economic Restructuring in Mexico and the Philippines.” Geoforum27 (3): 297–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chant, S.2007. Gender, Generation and Poverty: Exploring the ‘Feminisation of Poverty’ in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Chant, S., and C.McIlwaine. 1995. “Gender and Export Manufacturing in the Philippines: Continuity of Change in Female Employment? The Case of the Mactan Export Processing Zone.” Gender, Place and Culture2 (2): 147–176.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, R.2006. The Servant Problem: Domestic Employment in a Global Economy. London: I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Crang, M.2005. “Time Space.” In Spaces of Geographical Thought: Deconstructing Human Geography’s Binaries, edited by P.Cloke and R.Johnston, 199–217. Sage: London.
   Google Scholar
• Cravey, A. J.1999. Women and Work in Mexico’s Maquiladoras. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Crinis, V.2010. “Sweat Or No Sweat: Foreign Workers in the Garment Industry in Malaysia.” Journal of Contemporary Asia40 (4): 589–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crush, J., B.Dodson, J.Gay, T.Green, and C.Leduka. 2010. “Migration, Remittances and ‘Development’ in Lesotho.” Southern African Migration Programme, Idasa, Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Datta, K. A.2004. “A Coming of Age? Re-conceptualising Gender and Development in Urban Botswana.” Journal of Southern African Studies30 (2): 251–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dicken, P.2003. Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dodgshon, R. A.2008. “Geography’s Place in Time.” Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography90: 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodson, B.1998. “Women on the Move: Gender and Cross-Border Migration to South Africa.”. Southern African Migration Programme, Idasa, Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Dornan, P.2010. Understanding the Impacts of Crisis on Children in Developing Countries. Round 3 Preliminary FindingsOxford: Young Lives.
   Google Scholar
• Dyer, K.2001. Gender Relations in the Home and the Workplace in Lesotho. Roma: Institute of Southern African Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Ellegård, K., and B.Vilhelmson. 2004. “Home as a Pocket of Local Order: Everyday Activities and the Friction of Distance.” Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography86: 281–296.
   Google Scholar
• Elson, D.1999. “Labor Markets as Gendered Institutions: Equality, Efficiency and Empowerment Issues.” World Development27 (3): 611–627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epprecht, M.2000. This Matter of Women Is Getting Very Bad’: Gender, Development and Politics in Colonial Lesotho. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eraydin, A., and A.Erendil. 1999. “The Role of Female Labour in Industrial Restructuring: New Production Processes and Labour Market Relations in the Istanbul Clothing Industry.” Gender, Place and Culture6 (3): 259–272.
   Google Scholar
• Gay, J. S.1980. “Basotho Women’s Options: A Study of Marital Careers in Rural Lesotho.” PhD diss., University of Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Gibb, R.2003. “Globalisation and Africa’s Economic Recovery: A Case Study of the European Union-South Africa Post-Apartheid Trading Regime.” Journal of Southern African Studies29 (4): 885–901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoL (Government of Lesotho). 2012. “Why Invest in Lesotho – Competitive Business Costs.” Ministry of Trade and Industry, Cooperatives and Marketing. Accessed February 14, 2012. http://www.trade.gov.ls/invest/competiveness.php.
   Google Scholar
• Green, L.2003. “Notes on Mayan Youth and Rural Industrialization in Guatemala.” Critique of Anthropology23 (1): 51–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajdu, F., N.Ansell, E.Robson, L.van Blerk, and L.Chipeta. 2011. “Income-Generating Activities for Young People in Southern Africa: Exploring AIDS and Other Constraints.” Geographical Journal177 (3): 251–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, G.2010. Neoliberal Africa: The Impact of Global Social Engineering. London: Zed.
   Google Scholar
• Hausmann, R., L.Tyson, and S.Zahidi. 2011. The Global Gender Gap Report. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Heintz, J.2004. “Beyond Sweatshops: Employment, Labor Market Security and Global Inequality.” Antipode36 (2): 222–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewamanne, S.2006. ““Participation? My Blood and Flesh Is Being Sucked Dry”: Market-Based Development and Sri Lanka’s Free Trade Zone Women Workers.” Journal of Third World Studies23 (1): 51–74.
   Google Scholar
• Holloway, S. L.1998. “Local Childcare Cultures: Moral Geographies of Mothering and the Social Organisation of Pre-School Education.” Gender, Place and Culture5 (1): 29–53.
   Google Scholar
• Kabeer, N.2000. The Power to Choose: Bangladeshi Women and Labour Market Decisions in London and Dhaka. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Kabeer, N.2008. Paid Work, Women’s Empowerment and Gender Justice: Critical Pathways of Social Change. Pathways Working Paper 3. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplinsky, R.2008. “What Does the Rise of China Do for Industrialisation in Sub-Saharan Africa?” Review of African Political Economy35 (115): 7–22.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, C.2001. “Vagabond Capitalism and the Necessity of Social Reproduction.” Antipode33 (4): 708–727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzman, R.1992. “Why Are Men So Irresponsible?” CEPAL Review46: 79–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly, P.2009. “From Global Production Networks to Global Reproduction Networks: Households, Migration, and Regional Development in Cavite, the Philippines.” Regional Studies43 (3): 449–461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosla, N.2009. “The Ready-Made Garments Industry in Bangladesh: A Means to Reducing Gender-Based Social Exclusion of Women?” Journal of International Women’s Studies11 (1): 289–303.
   Google Scholar
• Kimane, I., and N.Mohale. 2007. “Grandmothers and Grandchildren: Living Arrangements and Relationships of Orphaned Children in Lesotho.” In Urban Experiences of Gender, Generations and Social Justice, edited by M.Mapetla, A.Schlyter, and B.Bless. Roma: ISAS.
   Google Scholar
• Kimane, I., and M.Ntimo-Makara. 1998. “The Gender Dimension of Urban Migration in Lesotho.” In Changing Gender Relations in Southern Africa: Issues of Urban Life, edited by A.Larsson, M.Mapetla, and A.Schlyter, 101–128. Roma: ISAS.
   Google Scholar
• Kingdom of Lesotho. 2006. Poverty Reduction Strategy 2004/5–2006/7. Maseru: Bureau of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Kingdom of Lesotho. 2007. Lesotho Census of Population and Housing: Preliminary Results Report. Maseru: Bureau of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Lauby, J., and O.Stark. 1988. “Individual Migration as a Family Strategy: Young Women in the Philippines.” Population Studies42 (3): 473–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, V. A.1998. “Hierarchical Households and Gendered Migration in Latin America: Feminist Extensions to Migration Research.” Progress in Human Geography22 (1): 39–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefko-Everett, K.2007. “Voices from the Margins: Migrant Women’s Experiences in Southern Africa.” Southern African Migration Programme, Idasa, Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Mapetla, N., and R.Sakoane-Songca. 2005. “Perceptions on Property and Inheritance Rights in Lesotho: Need for Legal Change?.” In Gender, Generations and Urban Living Conditions in Southern Africa, edited by F.Kalabamu, M.Mapetla, and A.Schlyter, 153–170. Roma: ISAS.
   Google Scholar
• Massey, D.2005. For Space. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mattoo, A., D.Roy, and A.Subramanian. 2003. “The Africa Growth and Opportunity Act and Its Rules of Origin: Generosity Undermined?” World Economy26: 829–851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, M. B.1999. Thai Women in the Global Labor Force. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, P.2008. “Not So Automatic: The Contingent Role of Auckland’s Local Government in the Region’s Information and Communications Technologies Infrastructural Development.” Social and Cultural Geography9 (6): 693–710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, C.1981. Families Divided: The Impact of Migrant Labour in Lesotho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, A.1987. Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Factory Women in Malaysia. Albany: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Panelli, R.2007. “Time-Space Geometries of Activism and the Case of Mis/Placing gender in Australian Agriculture.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers32: 46–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, R.1998. “‘Nimble Fingers’ Revisited: Reflections on Women and Third World Industrialisation in the Late Twentieth Century.” In Feminist Visions of Development: Gender Analysis and Policy, edited by C.Jackson, and R.Pearson, 171–188. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Peck, J., and A.Tickell. 2002. “Neoliberalising Space.” Antipode34 (3): 380–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pribilsky, J.2001. “Nervios and ‘modern Childhood’: Migration and Shifting Contexts of Child Life in the Ecuadorian Andes.” Childhood8 (2): 251–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruddick, S.2003. “The Politics of Aging: Globalization and the Restructuring of Youth and Childhood.” Antipode35 (2): 334–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SADC. 2004. “SADC Trade, Industry and Investment Review.” Accessed November 27, 2004. http://www.sadcreview.com.
   Google Scholar
• Salm, A., W. J.Grant, T. J.Green, J. R.Haycock, and J.Raimondo. 2002. Lesotho Garment Industry Subsector Study for the Government of Lesotho. Funded by DFID, Maseru.
   Google Scholar
• Seyoum, B.2007. “Export Performance of Developing Countries Under the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act: Experience from US Trade with Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of Economic Studies34 (6): 515–533.
   Google Scholar
• Silvey, R. M.2001. “Migration Under Crisis; Household Safety Nets in Indonesia’s Economic Collapse.” Geoforum32: 33–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standing, G.1999. “Global Feminisation Through Flexible Labour: A Theme Revisited.” World Development27: 535–550.
   Google Scholar
• Steans, J., and DTepe. 2010. “Introduction – Social Reproduction in International Political Economy: Theoretical Insights and International, Transnational and Local Sitings.” Review of International Political Economy17 (5): 807–815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweetman, C., ed. 1997. Men and Masculinity. Oxford: Oxfam.
   Google Scholar
• Tiano, S.1994. Patriarchy on the Line: Labor, Gender and Ideology in the Mexican Maquila Industry. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Traub-Werner, M., and AJCravey. 2002. “Spatiality, Sweatshops and Solidarity in Guatemala.” Social and Cultural Geography3 (4): 383–401.
   Google Scholar
• Ulicki, T., and J.Crush. 2007. “Poverty, Gender and Migrancy: Lesotho’s Migrant Farmworkers in South Africa.” Development Southern Africa24 (1): 155–172.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. 2010. Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 1998. Human Development Report. Lesotho: UNDP.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2012. “International human development indicators.” Accessed February 14, 2012. http://hdr.undp.org/en/data/.
   Google Scholar
• Waldfogel, J.2002. “Child Care, Women’s Employment, and Child Outcomes.” Journal of Population Economics15 (3): 527–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallengren, K.2009. “Follow-up HIV Sero-Prevalence Study Report.” Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA), Maseru, Lesotho.
   Google Scholar
• Webber, G., N.Edwards, I. D.Graham, C.Amaratunga, V.Keane, and R.Socheat. 2010. “Life in the Big City: The Multiple Vulnerabilities of Migrant Cambodian Garment Factoryworkers to HIV.” Women’s Studies International Forum33 (3): 159–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, M.2010. “Embodied Negotiations: Identity, Space and Livelihood After Trade Zones in the Dominican Republic.” Gender, Place and Culture17 (6): 725–741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, D.1992. Factory Daughters: Gender, Household Dynamics and Rural Industrialisation in Java. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Young, L., and N.Ansell. 2003. “Fluid Households, Complex Families: The Impacts of Children’s Migration as a Response to HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa.” Professional Geographer55 (4): 464–479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zappile, T. M.2011. “Nonreciprocal Trade Agreements and Trade: Does the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Increase Trade?” International Studies Perspectives12 (1): 46–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar