The exploitation narratives and coping strategies of Ethiopian women return migrants from the Arabian Gulf

References

• Alem, Atalay, Derege Kebede, Lars Jacobsson, and Gunnar Kullgren. 1999. “Suicide Attempts among Adults in Butajira, Ethiopia.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 100 (397): 70–76. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10697.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anbesse, Birke, Charlotte Hanlon, Atalay Alem, Samuel Packer, and Rob Whitley. 2009. “Migration and Mental Health: A Study of Low-Income Ethiopian Women Working in Middle Eastern Countries.” The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 55 (6): 557–568. doi:10.1177/0020764008096704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajracharya, Rooja, and Bandita Sijapati. 2012. The Kafala System and its Implications for Nepali Domestic Workers. Policy Brief. Kathmandu, Nepal: Centre for the Study of Labour and Mobility (CESLAM).
   Google Scholar
• Bhugra, Dinesh. 2004. “Migration, Distress and Cultural Identity.” British Medical Bulletin 69 (1): 129–141. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldh007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosmans, Kim, Sarah Mousaid, Nele De Cuyper, Stefan Hardonk, Fred Louckx, and Christophe Vanroelen. 2016. “Dirty Work, Dirty Worker? Stigmatisation and Coping Strategies among Domestic Workers.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 92: 54–67. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.11.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currier, Joseph M., Jason M. Holland, and Robert A. Neimeyer. 2006. “Sense-making, Grief, and the Experience of Violent Loss: Toward a Mediational Model.” Death Studies 30 (5): 403–428. doi:10.1080/07481180600614351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, Christopher G., Camille B. Wortman, Darrin R. Lehman, and Roxane Cohen Silver. 2000. “Searching for Meaning in Loss: Are Clinical Assumptions Correct?” Death Studies 24 (6): 497–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, Christopher G., and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. 2001. “Loss and Meaning: How Do People Make Sense of Loss?” American Behavioral Scientist 44 (5): 726–741. doi:10.1177/00027640121956467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, Christopher G., Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, and Judith Larson. 1998. “Making Sense of Loss and Benefiting from the Experience: Two Construals of Meaning.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (2): 561. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demissie, Fassil. 2018. “Ethiopian Female Domestic Workers in the Middle East and Gulf States: An Introduction.” African and Black Diaspora 11 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1080/17528631.2017.1405518.
   Google Scholar
• De Regt, Marina. 2010. “Ways to Come, Ways to Leave: Gender, Mobility, and Il/legality among Ethiopian Domestic Workers in Yemen.” Gender & Society 24 (2): 237–260. doi:10.1177/0891243209360358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dervic, Kanita, Leena Amiri, Thomas Niederkrotenthaler, Said Yousef, Mohamed O. Salem, Martin Voracek, and Gernot Sonneck. 2012. “Suicide Rates in the National and Expatriate Population in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.” The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 58(6): 652–656. doi:10.1177/0020764011430038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fluri, Jennifer L., and Amy Piedalue. 2017. “Embodying Violence: Critical Geographies of Gender, Race, and Culture.” Gender, Place & Culture 24 (4): 534–544. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2017.1329185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frantz, Elizabeth. 2013. “Jordan's Unfree Workforce: State-Sponsored Bonded Labour in the Arab Region.” Journal of Development Studies 49(8): 1072–1087. doi:10.1080/00220388.2013.780042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest, Greg, Arwen Bunce, and Laura Johnson. 2006. “How Many Interviews Are Enough? An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability.” Field Methods 18 (1): 59–82. doi:10.1177/1525822X05279903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habtamu, Kassahun, Abebaw Minaye, and Waganesh A. Zeleke. 2017. “Prevalence and Associated Factors of Common Mental Disorders among Ethiopian Migrant Returnees from the Middle East and South Africa.” BMC Psychiatry 17 (1): 144. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1310-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, Jason M., Joseph M. Currier, and Robert A. Neimeyer. 2006. “Meaning Reconstruction in the First Two Years of Bereavement: The Role of Sense-Making and Benefit-Finding.” Omega - Journal of Death and Dying 53 (3): 175–191. doi:10.2190/FKM2-YJTY-F9VV-9XWY.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jureidini, Ray, and Nayla Moukarbel. 2004. “Female Sri Lankan Domestic Workers in Lebanon: A Case of Contract Slavery?” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 30 (4): 581–607. doi:10.1080/13691830410001699478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kedir, Abbi, and Lul Admasachew. 2010. “Violence against Women in Ethiopia.” Gender, Place & Culture:A Journal of Feminist Geography 17 (4): 437–452. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2010.485832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronfol, Ziad, Marwa Saleh, and Maha Al-Ghafry. 2014. “Mental Health Issues among Migrant Workers in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: Literature Review and Case Illustrations.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry 10: 109–113. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2014.03.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ladegaard, Hans J. 2015. “Coping with Trauma in Domestic Migrant Worker Narratives: Linguistic, Emotional and Psychological Perspectives.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 19 (2): 189–221. doi:10.1111/josl.12117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindio-McGovern, Ligaya, and Isidor Wallimann, eds. 2009. Globalization and Third World Women: Exploitation, Coping and Resistance. Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Mahdavi, Pardis. 2013. “Gender, Labour and the Law: The Nexus of Domestic Work, Human Trafficking and the Informal Economy in the United Arab Emirates.” Global Networks 13 (4): 425–440. doi:10.1111/glob.12010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantouvalou, Virginia. 2015. “‘Am I Free Now?’ Overseas Domestic Workers in Slavery.” Journal of Law and Society 42 (3): 329–357. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6478.2015.00714.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minaye, Abebaw. 2012. “Trafficked to the Gulf States: The Experiences of Ethiopian Returnee Women.” Journal of Community Practice 20 (1-2): 112–133. doi:10.1080/10705422.2012.649203.
   Google Scholar
• Nisrane, Beza L., Ann Morissens, Ariana Need, and René Torenvlied. 2017. “Economic Reintegration of Ethiopian Women Returned from the Middle East.” International Migration 55 (6): 122–136. doi:10.1111/imig.12358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pande, Amrita. 2012. “From ‘Balcony Talk’ and ‘Practical Prayers’ to Illegal Collectives: Migrant Domestic Workers and Meso-level Resistances in Lebanon.” Gender & Society 26 (3): 382–405. doi:10.1177/0891243212439247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pande, Amrita. 2013. “The Paper That You Have in Your Hand Is My Freedom': Migrant Domestic Work and the Sponsorship (Kafala) System in Lebanon.” International Migration Review 47 (2): 414–441. doi:10.1111/imre.12025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Crystal L., and Susan Folkman. 1997. “Meaning in the Context of Stress and Coping.” Review of General Psychology 1 (2): 115. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.115.
   Google Scholar
• Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar. 2005. “The Gender Paradox in the Transnational Families of Filipino Migrant Women.” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 14 (3): 243–267. doi:10.1177/011719680501400301.
   Google Scholar
• Piper, Nicola. 2004. “Rights of Foreign Workers and the Politics of Migration in South-East and East Asia.” International Migration 42 (5): 71–97. doi:10.1111/j.0020-7985.2004.00302.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper, Nicola. 2008. “Feminisation of Migration and the Social Dimensions of Development: The Asian Case.” Third World Quarterly 29 (7): 1287–1303. doi:10.1080/01436590802386427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper, Nicola. 2010. “Temporary Economic Migration and Rights Activism: An Organizational Perspective.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 33 (1): 108–125. doi:10.1080/01419870903023884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvey, Rachel. 2009. “Development and Geography: Anxious Times, Anemic Geographies, and Migration.” Progress in Human Geography 33 (4): 507–515. doi:10.1177/0309132508096351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Guardian. 2012. “Alem Dechasa's Coice: An Impossible Decision and a Lonely Death.” The Guardian, 9 April.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Ham, Alida Joanna, Maria Theresa Ujano-Batangan, Raquel Ignacio, and Ivan Wolffers. 2015. “The Dynamics of Migration-related Stress and Coping of Female Domestic Workers from the Philippines: An Exploratory Study.” Community Mental Health Journal 51 (1): 14–20. doi:10.1007/s10597-014-9777-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickramage, Kolitha, Malintha De Silva, and Sharika Peiris. 2017. “Patterns of Abuse Amongst Sri Lankan Women Returning Home after Working as Domestic Maids in the Middle East: An Exploratory Study of Medico-legal Referrals.” Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 45: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2016.11.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, Margaret O’Dougherty, Emily Crawford, and Katherine Sebastian. 2007. “Positive Resolution of Childhood Sexual Abuse Experiences: The Role of Coping, Benefit-Finding and Meaning-Making.” Journal of Family Violence 22 (7): 597–608. doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9111-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeoh, Brenda S. A., and Kamalini Ramdas. 2014. “Gender, Migration, Mobility and Transnationalism.” Gender, Place & Culture 21 (10): 1197–1213. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2014.969686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeoh, Brenda S. A., Maria Platt, Choon Yen Khoo, Theodora Lam, and Grace Baey. 2017. “Indonesian Domestic Workers and the (Un)making of Transnational Livelihoods and Provisional Futures.” Social & Cultural Geography 18 (3): 415–434. doi:10.1080/14649365.2016.1185800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar