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Original Articles

A European or a Slavic Choice? Foreign Policy and Public Attitudes in Post-Soviet Europe

Pages 181-202 | Published online: 01 Jul 2010

References

  • World Development Report 2000/2001 New York Oxford University Press 2000274 275 Russia stood 80th when GNP per capita was expressed in terms of purchasing power parities, but still behind Malaysia and South Africa
  • 1999 . Rossiiskaya gazeta , 31 December : 4 11 July 2000, p. 3
  • 1991 . Calculated from Natsional'nyi sostav naseleniya SSSR , 5 – 19 . Moscow : Finansy i statist flea .
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  • It all depended, Putin explained in the campaign biography that appeared in the spring of 2000, 'what kind of NATO we are talking about' (Otpervogo litsa (Moscow, Vagrius, 2000), p. 159).
  • Light , Margot , White , Stephen and Löwenhardt , John . 2000 . 'A Wider Europe: the View from Moscow and Kyiv' . International Affairs , 78 ( 1 ) January : 80 For a warning that NATO might introduce its troops into Russia itself to secure unprotected nuclear sites see Argumenty ifakty, 1998, 28, p. 4
  • 1992 . Izvestiya , 2 January : 3
  • 1992 . Izvestiya , 22 February : 3 El'tsin followed Kozyrev in referring to the Western states as 'allies': Diplomaticheskii vestnik, 1992, 4-5, p. 49
  • Diplomaticheskii vestnik, 1996, 2, p. 4.
  • Ibid.
  • 1997 . Rossiiskaya gazeta , 10 January : 2
  • 1997 . Izvestiya , 23 December : 3
  • Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 2000, 2, pp. 691-704.
  • 2000 . Rossiiskaya gazeta , 25 April : 5 – 6 .
  • 1999 . Krasnaya zvezda , 9 October : 3 – 4 .
  • The Ail-Russian Centre for the Study of Public Opinion, in a survey conducted just before the alliance had formally enlarged, found that 13% viewed a possible extension of NATO to former Soviet republics such as Ukraine and the Baltics in positive terms, but that 42% were negative (Monitoring obshchestvemog o mneniya, 1999, 2, p. 76).
  • US Office of Research . 2000 . Opinion Analysis, M-201-00 , 22 November : 2
  • A more detailed 'Strategy for the Development of Relations between the Russian Federation and the European Union in the Medium Term (2000-2010)', presented to the Helsinki Russia-EU summit in October 1999, aimed to 'ensure Russia's national interests and raise its role and authority in Europe and the rest of the world by creating a reliable all-European system of collective security and attracting EU economic potential and management experience to assist in the development of a socially oriented market economy in Russia, based on the principles of fair competition, and the further construction of a law-based state' (Diplomaticheskii vestnik, 1999, 11, p. 21).
  • 2000 . Rossiiskaya gazeta , 11 July : 5
  • Interviews, July 2000.
  • Diplomaticheskii vestnik, 1997, 7, p. 42.
  • 2000 . Sovetskaya Belorossiya , 12 April : 2 The text of the 1999 union treaty was published in Vestnik inostramykh del (Minsk), 1999, 4, pp. 140-169
  • Garnett , Sherman W. and Legvold , Robert , eds. 1999 . Belarus at the Crossroads , 20 Washington DC : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . A national security concept had been approved in 1995, and a draft foreign policy concept appeared in 1997
  • Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 1997, 10, art. 10, 16 January 1997, and 1993, 37, art. 379, 2 July 1993.
  • Presidential decree. On Approval of the Strategy of Ukraine's Integration into the European Union', no. 615/98, 11 June 1998, in Orientyr, information supplement to Uryadovyi kur'er, no. 114-115 (18 June 1998).
  • 2000 . The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture , 228 – 229 . Stanford , CA : Hoover Institution Press . Moldovans, as Charles King has remarked, had evidently no wish to replace the dominance of Moscow with the dominance of Bucharest
  • Interviews, Presidential Administration, July 2000. The foreign policy concept was published in Monitorul oflcial al Republicii Moldova, 6 April 1995, pp. 10-14.
  • Prizel , Dya . 1998 . National Identity and Foreign Policy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . VTsIOM asked Russians more straightforwardly if they 'thought of themselves as Europeans': 28% did, but 56% did not (Monitoring obshohestvennog o mneniya, 1999, 2, p. 76). Wider issues of national identity among post-communist nations are considered in
  • Bloom , William . 1993 . Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Communication of the Commission: the future relations of the European Union with Russia, Com (95)223 (Brussels, 1995), p. 9.
  • 1999 . Transition Report 1999 , 73 London : EBRD . Belarus performed better than almost all the other former Soviet republics, including Russia, but still fell to 78% of its GDP at the start of the decade
  • 2000 . The Economist , 15 July : 51
  • White , Stephen , McAllister , Ian and Light , Margot . 2002 . 'Enlargement and the new Outsiders' . Journal of Common Market Studies , 40 ( 1 ) March : 135 – 53 . For a fuller analysis of relations between our four countries and the European Union, see
  • Central and Eastern Eurobaromete r, no. 7, March 1997, annex figures 58 and 59 (fieldwork was conducted in November 1996).
  • 1999 . budushchee Rossii , 44 – 46 . Moscow : Smysl . respectively Bezopasnost', doverie
  • 1999 . Tezisy platformy izbiratel 'nogo bloka Mezhregional 'noe dvizhenie 'Edinstvo ' , 4 – 5 . Moscow : Edinstvo .
  • 1999 . Programma Kommunisticheskoi parai Rossiiskoi Federatsii , 23 – 24 . Moscow : Pravda .
  • 1998 . Programma Liberal'no-Demokraticheskoi partii Rossii (proekt) , 25 – 33 . Moscow : LDPR .
  • Baranovsky , Vladimir . 2000 . 'Russia: A Part of Europe or Apart from Europe?' . International Affairs , 76 ( 3 ) July : 443 – 458 . For a recent restatement of these tensions see
  • Zimmerman , William M. 1998 . 'Is Ukraine a Political Community?' . Communist and Post-Communist Studies , 31 ( 1 ) March : 43 – 55 . On these regional differences see for instance
  • Birch , Sarah . 2000 . 'Interpreting the Regional Effect in Ukrainian Polities' . Europe-Asia Studies , 52 ( 6 ) September : 1017 – 1041 . Regional differences remain important even when other factors have been controlled for:
  • Gabriel A. Almond, The American People and Foreign Policy (New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1950), pp. 54, 80, 71.
  • Holsti , Ole R. 1996 . Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy , 45 Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Ibid., pp. 69-70. Americans, according to research in the 1990s, were much less well-informed about foreign policy issues than their German, French, Italian, British or Canadian counterparts :
  • Ibid., pp. 193-195.
  • 2000 . Interfax, Diplomatic Panorama , 23 October
  • 2000 . Nezavisimaya gazeta , 1 November : 5 We owe these references to Clelia Rontoyanni
  • Jamestown Foundation Monitor, 6, issue 222, 29 November 2000. Cernomaz was in turn replaced as foreign minister in July 2001.
  • 1999 . Pravo vyboru: Prezident Ukrainy 1999 , 59 Kyiv : Smoloskip . which also contains the manifestoes of other candidates. As commentators pointed out, there were problems when relations with practically all international actors were defined as strategic partnerships; this obscured the 'diversity of the foreign policy orientations of the elite and other social groups' (Politichna dumka, 2000, 1, p. 135). For a fuller discussion see for
  • Solchanyk , Roman . 2000 . Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition , Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefleld .
  • Evzerov , R. Ya. 2000 . Ukraina: s Rossiei vmeste Ui vroz'? , Moscow : Ves' mir .
  • Godin , Yu. F. 2001 . Rossiya i Belorussiya: na puti k edineniyu , Moscow : Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya .
  • Pavliuk , Oleksandr . 1999 . The European Union and Ukraine: The Need for a New Vision , 12 New York : East West Institute .
  • Much depended on question wording: from 42% to 55% in the late 1990s were prepared to vote for 'unification' at a hypothetical referendum, but only 22% to 28% favoured the formation of a single state (Analiticheskii byulleten' belorusskikh fabrik mysli, 1999, 7, p. 5).

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