References
- Miller , A.H. , Klobucar , Th.F. , Reisinger , W.R. and Hesli , V.L. 1998 . `Social Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Lithuania' . Post-Soviet Affairs , 14 ( 3 ) : 248 – 286 . Pirie, pp. 1084-1085
- Ross , L. , Greene , D. and House , P. 1977 . `The "False Consensus Effect". An Egocentric Bias in Social Perception and Attribution Processes' . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 13 ( 3 ) : 279 – 301 . The phenomenon of `false consensus effect' or `looking glass perception', i.e. the propensity to believe that others' opinions are the same as one's own, has been studied in social psychology; see for example
- Fields , J. M. and Schuman , H. 1976 . `Public Beliefs About the Beliefs of the Public' . Public Opinion Quarterly , 40 ( 4 ) : 427 – 448 .
- Brubaker , R. 1994 . `Nationhood and the National Question in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Institutionalist Account' . Theory and Society , 23 ( 1 ) : 47 – 78 . See Kolsto, The New Russian Diaspora …'; Laitin;
- Whereas the present study is concerned with the relation between demographic variables mid identification types on the individual level, authors of previous studies focused on the aggregate or macro-level, i.e. the comparison between republics or regions within republics; see the framework factors of Kolsto, `The New Russian Diaspora …', or the variables empirically tested by Pirie. Nevertheless, we assume that these previous studies indicate a number of demographic factors which may also play a role in identification on the individual level. Testing the relationship between identification and country-level demographic variables, such as geographical distance from Russia, cultural distance from Russian culture, or minority policies in the republics, is beyond the scope of this article.
- Karklins , R. 1986 . Ethnic Relations in the USSR. The Perspectives from Below , 154 – 155 . Boston : Hyman .
- Silver , B.D. 1978 . `Ethnic Intermarriages and Ethnic Consciousness among Soviet Nationalities' . Soviet Studies , 30 ( 1 ) : 154 – 182 . and Kolsto, `The New Russian Diaspora …'
- Sekulic , D. , Massey , G. and Hodson , R. 1994 . `Who Were the Yugoslavs? Failed Sources of a Common Identity in the Former Yugoslavia' . American Sociological Review , 59 ( 1 ) : 83 – 97 .
- LeVine , R.A. and Campbell , D.T. 1972 . Ethnocentrism: Theories and Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes and Group Behaviour , New York : Wiley .
- Olzak , S. and Nagel , J. 1986 . Competitive Ethnic Relations , Orlando : Academic Press .
- Kaiser , R. 1994 . The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR , 302 – 303 . Princeton : Princeton University Press . The nationality of the respondent was asked before the interview took place. Respondents who answered that they considered themselves Russians were asked to participate on a voluntary basis. The response rate was very high: 98% across the five countries. The samples in the republics are fairly equally distributed across gender and age categories; only in Georgia and Kazakhstan do females seem to be over-represented (62% and 60% respectively) and in Kazakhstan respondents older than 55 years are under-represented compared with the other republics; in Georgia respondents under 35 years are under-represented and those between 46 and 55 are over-represented. It is natural that such deviations occur in smaller samples. The proportion of Russian-titular marriages among the respondents across the five republics is not very different from the percentages of mixed marriages in urban areas in 1988 presented by
- Kosterman , R. and Feshbach , S. 1989 . `Toward a Measure of Patriotic and Nationalistic Attitudes' . Political Psychology , 10 ( 2 ) : 257 – 274 . The questions on patriotism were taken from. All the questions were answered on a 5-point scale from `disagree' to `agree'. Factor analysis indicated that the four questions formed a reliable scale. Therefore the answers on the four items were summed and divided by the number of items, In order to facilitate the interpretation, the answers were receded in such a way that 0.00 was the lowest and 1.0 the highest value
- The questions on social distance were taken from E. Bogardus, `A Social Distance Scale', Sociology and Social Research, 22, 3, pp. 265-271. The first question was: `How acceptable or unacceptable is it for you to have [titulars] as neighbours of your household?' The name of the titular nation was filled in. The stone questions were asked for `chief at work', `class-mates of your child' and `husband or wife'. All the questions were answered on a 5-point scale from `fully unacceptable' to `fully acceptable'. In order to facilitate the interpretation, the answers were receded so that 0.00 was the lowest and 1.0 the highest value.
- Harris , C. D. 1993 . `The New Russian Minorities: A Statistical Overview' . Post-Soviet Geography , 34 ( 1 ) : 1 – 27 .
- Smith , G. , Law , V. , Wilson , A. , Bohr , A. and Allworth , E. 1998 . Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities , 23 – 47 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Bremmer , I. 1994 . `The Politics of Ethnicity: Russians in the New Ukraine' . Europe-Asia Studies , 46 ( 2 ) : 261 – 283 . Exceptions are studies on regional differences within countries, for instance,. Pirie comes closest to an empirical investigation of identification types of Russians, namely those residing in Ukraine. Unfortunately, he is not able to examine various identification types at one point in time because he uses data from different surveys. P.S. Pirie, `National Identity and Politics in Southern and Eastern Ukraine'. Europe-Asia Studies, 48, 7. 1996, pp. 1079-1104
- Pirie, p. 1090; Laitin, p. 308; L. Barrington, `The Geographic Component of Mass Attitudes in Ukraine', Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, 38, 10, 1997, p. 607.
- P. Kolsto. `The New Russian Diaspora--An Identity of its Own? Possible Identity Trajectories for Russians in the Former Soviet Republics', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19, 1996. pp. 609-639.